The TaqI polymorphism in the 3’flanking region of the PI gene has been analyzed in 147 patients with different lung diseases and 110 healthy individuals. The detection of the TaqI polymorphism was carried out by a single step or two-step nested polymerase chain reaction followed by the TaqI digestion of the fmplfied product. The frequency of TaqI polymorphism was significantly higher among patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (15.15% versus 5.45%). Despite the difference between healthy controls and patients with lung cancer was nonsignificant, the X² value for this comparison was quite close to the level of statistical significance. The group of patients with other lung diseases did not reveal any difference from the control in the frequency of TaqI polimorphism.

The anti-inflammatory effect of Russian inhaled steroid budesonide (BENACORT) was studied in 10 patients with mild bronchial asthma. The moderate inflammatory activity in bronchoalveolar spaces proved by increased levels of neutrophiles and eosinophiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was observed in all patients. The study had single-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled design.

The tmstwothy improving in functional pulmonary indices, reduction of levels of eosinophiles and neutrophils in BAL, decrease in bronchial inflammatory index, diminution of airway hyperresponsiveness were observed after 2-week treatment with benacort. The results of this study confirmed the significant anti-inflammatory effect of benacort.

Both aspects are significant in the problem of education of patients with bronchial asthma: as rise of patient’s accomplishments, more careful execution of prescriptions, improvement of course of asthma, as well mental and emotional condition of patients that have direct influence on quality of their life.

The medico-social significance of education of patients including it’s influence on mental and emotional realm of patients was studied in this research. Besides improvement of medical characteristics it was demonstrated that parameters of condition of vegetative nervous system were progressed considerably, and emotional stress was decreased. These results were obtained with the help of the special questionnaire, the Lusher’s test, cardiointervalography according with R.M. Baevsky.

Our data prove importance of education of patients and demonstrate an additional side of efficacy of that education – influence on mental and emotional status of patients.

Mechanical intermittent positive pressure ventilation effectively provides ventilatory support in patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF), but it requires placing artificial airways resulting in such complications as ventilator pneumonia, mechanical damage of larynx and trachea and others. In this article we discuss the validities and advantages of alternative method of mechanical ventilation – non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) via nasai and facial masks. We consider indication and exclusion cruteria for NPPV, different modes of ventilation used more often with NPPV, the groups of patients with ARF which may benefit from NPPV. We also review several controlled and uncontrolled stydies showed advantages of NPPV over convectional methods resuited in reduction in intubation rates, hospital mortality and length of stay in hospital. We present case report showed the efficacy of NPPV in 68-old patient with acute respiratory failure due to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is a new technique gaining a prominent position among ventilatory techniques aimed to improve ventilation in patients with severe respiratory failure. It has been proved that NPPV is effective in the treatment of acute and chronic respiratory failure and also reduces the need for endotracheal intubation, may reduce mortality rate in selected patients. The different non-invasive modalities, masks, respiratory effects, possible physiologic mechanisms of NPPV are discussed in this article on the basis of Moscow Pulmonology Research Institute experience and literature reviews.

Tuberculosis developing in a viced lung would most frequently be located in the anomalous structures of the viced organ and the clinical characteristics of the disease are accounted for by the particular morphological variant of the vice. This predetermines non-typical development of the disease and brings about problems in differential diagnosis with non-tuberculosis lung diseases. The efficiency of detecting the vice in the patients having been subjected to lung resection because of tuberculosis depends directly on the chosen technique of morphological examination of the bioptate.

In this study we compared the effect of oral long-acting salbutamol – saltos (6 mg), inhaled salbutamol, salgem (500 mg), or placebo on the airway responsiveness to histamine. Twenty eight patients with mild bronchial asthma in stable state were observed. The study had a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled design. The challenge test with hystamine was peformed before and after administration of the studied medications.

The provacative concentration producing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second was significantly increased after administration of ß₂–agonists than of placebo.

We conclude that Russian ß₂–agonists have a significant bronchoprotective effect. The duration of bronchoprotective effect for saltos is 9 h, for salgem is 1.5 h.

This study purposed research o therapeutic and protective effect of Atrovent (ipratropium bromide) in the group of workers and employees of textile manufacturing union in Vladimirskaya region.

In accordance with the program of clinical and epidemiological examination at industry factories, that was elaborated in Science Research institute of Pulmonology, Russia, were examined 337 workers of manufacturing union «Textile». There were selected 25 persons to treat initials stages of bronchopulmonary diseases by Atrovent. The research of protective effect of Atrovent was realized on experimental group (12 persons). The results of one-year control the patients in both groups have been demonstrated in the article. High efficacy of medicine was proved by improvement of clinical characteristics and objectives changes of parameters of external respiration. It is concluded about necessity of more active and broad introduction of preventive programs with participation of Atrovent that provide good medicinal and prophylactic effect on initials stages of disease evolution especially.

In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of action of anticholinergic agents, the effect of troventol on one of initial chains of bronchospasm – histamine release from mast cell – was assessed. The effect of troventol was compared with atrovent (ipratropium bromide) and atropine. It was found that cells incubation with troventol for 5 min evokes inhibition of histamine release by 47%, and there were no distinctions between placebo and atropine or atrovent. The histamine release from mast cells was caused by abrupt increase in cytosol Ca²⁺ concentration. Passive Ca²⁺ uptake velocity was decreased by troventol (56.3%) and by atrovent (28%), atropine had no influence on it. Thus, unlike atrovent and atropine, troventol can inhibit histamine secretion via reduction of cell membrane permeability for Ca²⁺.

The effects of Russian antimuscarinic agent troventol on bronchial resistance and free radical generation in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were investigated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CO PD) and bronchial asthma (BA).

Improvement in pulmonary function tests with enhancement of airway conductance in large and middle bronchi was found in COPD patients after treatment with troventol, but in BA patients there was a less effect on airway resistance and it was more noticeable in small bronchi.

Inhaled troventol in COPD patient led to reduction of reactive oxygen species generation by phagocytes in blood and BAL. Absence of inhibition of peroxide lipid oxydation (PLO) may be explained by residual phenomenon of «respiratory burst». Monotherapy with troventol in BA patients unlike of COPD patients led to PLO reduction only in BAL.

The level of serum calcium changed nonsignificantly in observed groups after treatment.

The role of Ca²⁺ in intracellular and extracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in phagocytes was evaluated. It was shown that Ca²⁺ deficiency caused by EGTA and riosidine influenses upon extra- and intracellular ROS generation in different ways. Ionofor A 23187 activated the extracellular generation of ROS, but intracellular generation of ROS was reduced completely. Obtained results suggest that calcium ionofors may have antimutagenic effect. The possible reasons for different effects of calcium deficiency on enzyme systems responsible for generation of ROS were discussed.

Potentially detrimental oxygen concentrations were determined on the basis of assessment of free radical generation during breathing trials with oxygen-enriched air in COPD patients. It was shown that for patients with respiratory failure (2–3 stages) the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiО₂) should not exceed 50%. Under this concentration there were no oxygen – induced tissue damage, the disbalance in free radical – antiradical activity system was reduced and there was an improvement in arterial oxygen partial tension (paО₂). It was found that oxygen therapy (30 minute runs with FiO₂=50%) is not associated with oxygen toxicity, it enchances activity of superoxide dismutase and promotes the regression of arterial hypoxemia.

The circadian fluctuations of the basic respiratory function data were studied five time a day in 103 patients with chronic bronchitis. The results of chronobiologic research of lung function data revealed the obvious desinchronism of respiratory system in patients with chronic bronchitis. The value of desynchronism was increased in chronic bronchitis from afternoon to evening and morning types of biorhythme of respiratory system.

The mathematical model of mechanics of forced expiration is based on one-component interpretation of the lung but with including their specific mechanical features. Interpretation of lung as a porous body made possible to show the relationships between alveolar and pleural pressures as a dynamic equation, defining changes of lung volume as function of compliant, vicous and relaxation properties of their parenchima. In absence of expiratory stenosis of airways dynamic of Raw is described by law of dependence of its values on deformation airways under maximal Pa. Local resistence of expiratory stenosis was calculated by means of dynamic equation taking into account elastic and viscous properties of the compressed segment of airways. The effort of forced expiration was expressed by individual features of observed man and functions of manoeuver. The model testing showed that by it‘s using influence of phisical ventilation parameters changes on expiratory flow-volume curves could be assessed.

The methodological approaches to qualitative X-ray-fluorescent analysis of biological objects were observed in this article. There were presented several examples of fluorescent spectrums obtained from cell sediment of bronchoalveolar lavages and lung tissues (autopsy material) during «stiff» X-ray radiation.

The peculiarities of lung pathology formation under influence of inhalation of partially soluble nickel combinations in workers, producing nickel by electrolyse, have not been studied enough for today. The aim of this study was to evaluate morphological changes in lungs of 180 experimental animals under influence of 1-, 3- and 6 -months exposure to nickel sulfate.

Morphological alterations in lung tissue after nickel sulfate exposition were characterized by development of lymphocyte-macrophage alveolitis with predominance of lymphocyte infiltration of stroma, septal oedema and an increase in alveolar macrophage count. 3-month nickel exposure led to enchancing prolifretive – granulomatous stroma reaction, appearence of emphysema, wide-spread dystelectasis and vasculitis. Lung tissue alterations were accompanied by inflammatory reactions in bronchi and bronchioli; severity of these reactions depends on exposure time and may vary from exudative to proliferative ranges ending in pronounced hyperplasia of local immune focuses.