ADRB2 gene polymorphism: a role for predisposition, course and therapeutic response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Based on: Parati G., Lombardi C., Hedner J. et al. ERS / ESH Task Force Report. Recommendations for the management of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and hypertension. Eur. Respir. J. 2013; 41: 5236538. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00226711.

Summary. This study was aimed at development of cystic fibrosis (CF) patient register for those living at Moscow and Moscow region. The CF patients living in Moscow region were found to have some clinical, genetic and bacteriological differences from CF patients living at the Western Europe. The median survival in 2003–2012 was 39.5 years. Aging of CF patients was associated to reduction in respiratory function, occurrence of more aggressive respiratory pathogens, increase in respiratory and gastrointestinal complication rate.

Summary. A distribution of alleles and genotypes of chemokine receptor CCR5 gene and constitutional and morphological phenotypes of asthma patients and their relatives in comparison with healthy persons have been studied. Findings of 62 Russian families of patients with asthma (n = 232) living in Krasnoyarsk city were used in this study. The polymorphism of a coding region of chemokine receptor CCR5 gene was associated with allergic asthma and also was an important component of congenital susceptibility for asthma. In patients with asthma, most relationships were associated with fat body mass. Given an identified association between asthma and genotype II of CCR5 gene there could be a consideration that fat dismorphism could contribute to gene polymorphism responsible for the development of allergic asthma.

Summary. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a difficult-to-treat progressive disease. About 14.7–68.6 % of COPD cases are not related to smoking. We examined 21 nonsmokers with COPD, 20 smokers with COPD, 20 healthy nonsmokers and 21 healthy smokers. Relative number of peripheral blood T-lymphocytes containing CCR5 and CXCR3 chemokine receptors was determined by flow cytometry. CXCR3+ and CCR5+ T-cell per cent number was increased in non-smokers with COPD compared with healthy non-smokers. A higher proportion of T-cells containing CCR5 and CXCR3 receptors on the cell surface was also observed in blood of smokers with COPD compared both to healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Our findings suggest similar mechanism of T-cells migration from blood into the airways both in non-smoking and smoking patients.

Summary. This article presents results of examination of 50 young patients with connective tissue dysplasia not having any acute or chronic respiratory disease. All patients underwent inspiratory and expiratory helical CT with density gradient determination in different parts of the lungs. Typical CT findings were subpleural apical bullae and bleby (16 %), peribronchial fibrosis (40 %), local fibrosis (18 %), plevroapikal spikes (62 %), emphysema (4 %), air traps (18 %). The density gradient between exhalation and inhalation was reduced in the upper and lower lobes of the lungs.

Summary. Fifty five patients with severe uncontrolled asthma were randomly assigned to treatment with standard therapy alone (n = 25) or standard therapy combined with transcutaneous neuroadaptive electrical stimulation (n = 30). Twenty healthy volunteers were as controls. Structural and functional disorders of the erythrocyte membrane were shown to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of severe hypoxia typical for this disease. These disorders could be due to hypoxic hyperactivity of lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids. The transcutaneous neuroadaptive electrical stimulation reduced severity of the cell oxidative stress, the erythrocyte membrane injury and hypoxia that resulted in improvement in clinical and functional parameters of asthma. Among the patients treated with the transcutaneous neuroadaptive electrical stimulation, good control of asthma was achieved in 17 patients (56.7 %) and partial control was achieved in 10 patients (33.3 %) compared to 13 (52 %) patients and 9 (36 %) patients, respectively, in the standard therapy group.

Summary. An influence of normobaric hypoxic (10 % of oxygen in nitrogen) and hyperoxic (40 % of oxygen in nitrogen) breathing sessions on the respiratory part of the lungs was investigated in rats of 3 month of age. After 28 daily hypoxic sessions, 30 min each, we detected lung hyperinflation, an enlargement of the total alveolar area and reduction in connecting tissue elements in the lungs. After 28 daily hyperoxic sessions, 60 min each, we found reduction in mean diameter, depth, cross-sectional area and the entrance size of alveoli, increased the amount of collagen fibers, the alveolar wall thickness and increased oxyproline concentration in the lungs. These findings could indicate the connecting tissue growth in the respiratory part of the lungs and worsening of oxygen diffusion through the blood-air barrier.

Summary. Results of this clinical study demonstrated a high level (up 37.0 %) of primary multidrug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients treated in medical facilities of the Federal Penitentiary Service. This fact confirms low efficiency of regimen I anti-TB chemotherapy in newly diagnosed patients. Treatment of these patients should certainly start with regimen IIB anti-TB chemotherapy.

Summary. Six-minute walk test (6MWT) is used to evaluate exercise capacity, treatment efficacy and prognosis in patients with chronic heart or lung diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate relations between 6MWT and lung function and health-related quality of life in patients with thoracic sequelae of tuberculosis. The secondary aim was to determine factors affecting functional exercise capacity in such patients.

Seventy patients aged 25–82 years (of them, 41 men and 25 women) were assessed using health status measure, 6MWT, dyspnea scoring and pulmonary function tests. Six-minute walk distance was 520 ± 107 м and correlated closely with quality of life and pulmonary function parameters. The main factor affecting the six-minute walk distance was impaired pulmonary function.

Summary. The study of reasons for admission to a hospital and the ABC/VEN-analysis of drug provision a pulmonology department of a multi-disciplinary hospital in 2009–2011 has been carried out. Among reasons for admission to a hospital, airway obstructive disease and respiratory infections were the most often (69.8–70.5 %). Yearly, a deal of obstructive airway disease, mainly of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, has been increasing. A list of medications for treatment of these patients according to the International Nonproprietary Names (INN) for pharmaceutical substances was extended from 141 in 2009 to 246 items in 2011. The ABC/VEN-analysis has shown that the expenditure of financial resources targeted to the drug provision of the pulmonology department was considered reasonable.

Principles of medication choice for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease according to new international guidelines.

Probable role of apelinergic system in occurrence of pulmonary diseases.

The role of viruses in the development of bronchopulmonary diseases.

Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and HIV-infection.

A role of inertial mechanism for clearance of aerosol particle from the lung.

Vegener's granulematosis in 16-year-old patient.