Twenty one patient with an apnea syndrome in a sleep were observed. The treatment consisted in breathing with an air stable positive pressure. The cure was efficacious in 18 cases. The treatment was terminated for 3 patients because of unbearability. The arterial pressure authentically decreased from 154±24/130±18 mm Hg to 134±17/91±6 mm Hg for 7 patients suffering from arterial hypertension and remained the same for 8 patients. 14 patients were examined for the pulmonary artery pressure dynamics. The pressure authentically decreased from 30.9±9.0 mm Hg to 23.8±7.2 mm Hg for 10 patients, increased from 21.7±2.4 mm Hg up to 29.6±2.0 mm Hg for 3 patients and remained unchanged for one patient. In the course of treating patients with hypoxemia the pC0₂ — 16—decreased and the p0₂ increased. However pulmonary ventilation indices changed negligibly. The technique of breathing under a stable positive pressure is recommended for a wide hospital cure of patients with an apnea syndrome in sleep.

Non-invasive lung ventilation with a BiPAP respirator was given for 16 patients with an acute pulmonary insufficiency against the chronicle obstructive lung disease background. The aim was to investigate a possibility of the non-invasive pulmonary ventilation therapy as well as its advantages and disadvantages. When admitted to a hospital all patients had gas exchange disorder (Pa0₂ was 53.9±18.3 mm Hg, PaC0₂ — 61.0±12.2 mm Hg and pH — 7.28±0.09) together with the respiratory mechanics failure (FEV₁>1 I). The non-invasive lung ventilation therapy was efficient for 13 of 16 patients (3 patients refused as they badly endured mask ventilation). The average ventilation time was 13 hours a day for 2.5 days. Complications were rare and required no ventilation canceling. In the group of patients refused the non-invasive lung ventilation one patient died of septic shock after intubation and subsequent invasive pulmonary ventilation, one patient died of a gastrointestinal hemorrhage and one more patient was discharged from the hospital after the acute pulmonary insufficiency resolution. The gas exchange parameters began to improve in an hour after starting noninvasive lung ventilation: pH increased up to 7.36±0.11, Pa0₂ up to 80.1 ±17.7, Pa02/Fi0₂ up to 289.7±40.00 and PaC0₂ decreased to 48.7±9.2 mm Hg. Thus patients with an acute pulmonary insufficiency against a chronic obstructive lung disease background are successfully cured due to noninvasive lung ventilation.

The results of more than 15-year studying the acute pneumonia etiology are given. Significant differences between out-of-hospital and hospital pneumonia have been marked out on the basis of complex studies of the acute pneumonia etiological structures.
As it has been convincingly proved the pneumococcus played the leading role as an etiological factor for the acute pneumonia of children from 6 months up to 7 years. Considerable differences have been revealed for the acute pneumonia’s etiology considering children younger than 6 months when chlamydea and gram-negative flora play the leading role. The increasing role of non-bacterial pathogenes (mykoplasma and TWAR chlamidea) is shown for the children of school age.
The data obtained make it possible to formulate the general recommendations for the choice of the starting antibacterial medicine depending on the sick child’s age.

Surgery is performed for treating the pulmonary tuberculosis only when long-term chemotherapy is ineffective. However this can be reconsidered for some patients with the infiltrative tuberculosis. The decision is grounded by the studied mechanism of the tuberculous inflammation development together with a common origin of a collagen and early pneumosclerosis around the caseous necrotic zones. This causes aggravation of the chemiospecimen penetration into tuberculous foci. At the same time bactericidal activity of alveolar macrophages reduces. Thus the process preserves activity but takes on flabby and torpid course. Its dynamics together with the pneumosclerosis origin are controlled by the examination of the sputum cytogram, the bactericidal activity of 4 alveolar macrophages as well as the contents of the malonic dialdehyde, histamine and serotonin. By the 4^th month of the treatment the high values of these indexes on the background of a corresponding X-ray picture can be considered an indication for a minor pneumonectomy. By December 1995 fifteen of the 72 examined patients had been successfully operated. The surgery at an early stage advances a more prompt and effective pulmonary tuberculosis treatment. Surgery can be a cure alternative to a long and continuos chemotherapy.

The influence of Maxaquin (Lomefloxacin) on the structure of mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv was studied in vitro. At 0.5 mkg/ml concentration of maxaquin during 24 hours the disorders in lipid capsule covering the microorganisms and in intercellular cooperation were marked. At 10 mkg/ml concentration of maxaquin there were profound destructive alterations in colony architecture and cell ultrastructure. Under maxaquin influence there were destruction of cell membrane, désorganisation of cytoplasm and organoids of mycobacteruims and lost of their viability.

Video endoscopy technique is described for registration of the processes developing in a laryngopharynx when powder drugs are inhaled by various inhalers. The technique was tested for 47 patients with respiratory organ diseases. The efficacy of both the proposed inhalation technique with a resistive resistance to a breath and the inhaler, has been confirmed.

The analysis has been fulfilled for 44 cases of the removal of foreign bodies consisted of several small fragments from children bronchi and subsequent treatment. Bronchoscopy was obligatory repeated when revealing a foreign body consisting of several fragments. For the case of a purulent endobronchitis not cupped off after two bronchoscopies and antibiotic therapy, a microtracheostomy with the bronchus’ sore side catherization was performed during the third bronchoscopy. Mucolitics, antibiotics and antiseptics were given through a catheter. A conclusion on this treatment high efficacy is drawn.

Results of studying the complex influence of climatic factors on the North habitants are given. The data on the population morbidity and the comparative analysis of the morbidity level dependence on various social groups are presented. It was determined that the respiratory morbidity level is strongly effected by a complex of climatic and occupational factors.

The function of external respiration was tested for a group of eliminators (103 persons) and a control group (52 persons). The indices monitored were as follows: a forced expiration volume during the first second, the forced vital capacity and the expiration peak volume rate. When comparing two groups for the same rate of the third index decrease the decrease of the two first indices was more frequent and the degree of the forced exspiration volume was significantly larger in the group of eliminators. An inhalation provokative test with 0.5 and 1 % metaholin solution was performed in order to reveal hyperreactivity. The test has shown out a tendency towards the hyperreactivity rate growth for the eliminators. Consequently the investigation has made it possible to determine high rate of disturbances in bronchial permeability and the bronchus hyperreactivity for those involved in the elimination of the consequences of the failure at the Chernobyl atomic power station.

A rosette-forming ability of the blood eosinophiles was studied for six patients with the bronchial asthma and four healthy donors. The number of low density eosinophiles was for certain higher for the sick people in contrast to the healthy ones. However the number of high density eosinophiles differed negligibly. Incubation of healthy people’s eosinophiles with the beta-andrenoblocker obsidan almost doubled the number of rosettes with the sheep’s erythrocytes. At the same time donors’ eosinophile incubation with the blood serum of patients with the bronchial asthma, increased their rosette formation almost six times. Preliminary serum inactivation by heating completely deprived it of the ability to stimulate rosette formation for donors’ eosinophiles.

A retrospective study of clinical therapy with the antiallergic medicine RUZAM is described. The medicine is a nonspecific immunity stimulator which is a product of a staphylococcus vital activity. RUZAM is allowed for use in Russia. It is efficient for the bronchial asthma complex therapy of mainly the mild and moderate disease course. The RUZAM treatment has made it possible to reduce the medicine therapy annual volume for the main medicine groups including: by 37.9% for sympathomimatics, by 7.4% for Intal, by 26.4% for short-action theophylline, by 8.4% for prolonged-action theophylline and by 4.2% for inhaled corticosteroids. The money saving is significant for the drug therapy. The cost of annual drug therapy for a patient was 599,400 rubles. This figure is for a group of 95 patients treated with RUZAM. The test group included 40 patients. The cost of their treatment was 1,002,900 rubles what was 1.7 times larger.

The activity and topochemistry of the NADPHN-diaphorase co-localized with NO-syntase were studied for the surgical material taken after lung resection of patients suffering from bronchoal asthma. An uneveness of the morphological indicators has been determined for the respiratory tracts’ membranous wall remodelling. This uneveness has specified different intensity of the epithelium’ NADPHN-diaphorase reaction. Enzyme moderate activity in small and medium bronchi prevailed for mild persisting bronchial asthma. The both number of small and medium bronchi with the increased NO-syntase and its level grew with the disease severity. In parallel the number of the bronchi with the reduced enzyme expression increased. This is probably due to the development of irreversable obstruction signes. The high level of the enzyme was also revealed in the cells being the inflammation residents (alveolar macrophages and tissue basophile) and the cells type in the alvelotsitakh during a severe bronchial asthma

A role of intracellular signal systems for the regulation of the epithelium and smooth muscle relations in the respiratory tract as well as interaction of the secondary agents participating in regulation of the epithelium relaxing factor production with the consideration of its effect on the smooth muscles were studied. It has been determined that the relaxing factor production by the epithelium is a calcium dependent process which is regulated by the calmoduline type Ca²⁺ binding proteins and the С proteinkinase. The mechanisms of ERF relaxing effect on smooth muscles depend on the interaction of two cyclic nucleotides (cAM P and cGM P) with the phosphodiesterase involvement.

The article presents the data about the place and the role of a new antiasthmatic drug generation produced in Russia for the bronchial asthma pharmacotherapy. Technological and pharmacological features of the drugs as well as their principle and therapy efficiency are described. This data given grounds a possibility of a reliable controlling the bronchial asthma with Russian medicines.