The aim of this study was to improve diagnostic efficacy of radial research methods for showing up and evaluation of some disseminated and diffuse lung in juries. This was done by using spiral and high resolution computed to mography (HRCT) making thin scans. An analyze was made of CT results of 99 patients with different disseminated and diffuse lung pathology. The patients ’ mean age was 60 years. They were distributed by according to nosologies to the following groups: lung metastases (34 patients), disseminated lung tuberculosis (27 patients), respiratory sarcoidosis (13 patients), alveolitis (13 patients), bullemphysema (6 patients) and bronchiectasis (6 patients). In order to specify the diagnoses spiral CT and HRCT were performed using Toshiba -X press/SX and X -Vision devices. Most disseminated and diffuse lung diseases were found to demonstrate either a combination of several HRCT syndromes or a prevalence of one leading syndrome. It was revealed that HRCT is a highly sensitive research method for different diffuse and disseminated lung pathologies' diagnostics. HRCT permits to show up fine radiological and morphological changes in lung parenchyma before clinical features of the disease appear. HRCT enables to reduce a radial load to patients and medical staff.

Lung cancer early detection is closely linked with selection of risk groups, that are persons suffering from preneoplastic diseases. High risk groups have a greater probability of any cancer development compared with a common population (Denisov L.E. e t al., 1980). The examples given above demonstrate that high risk patients could show the absence of active tuberculosis and intoxication features with tendency to standardization of blood indices and liver functional parameters and at the same time their beta-2 MG and ferritin radioimmunological levels are not diminished; but previous or even increasing. Hyperferritinemia should cause a great suspiciousness, especially oncological, because these parameters (beta-2 MG and ferritin) could characterize not only a high intoxication but a neoplastic process either. A principally new approach to early detection of a malignancy (even before morphological changes) became possible after oncological markers’ discovery.

Summary cell sediment (SCS) and aiveolar macrophages (AM ) pure fraction were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and leucocytes which were neutrophyles by 85— 89% were isolated from blood of 108 infected with tuberculosis guinea pigs in various terms of natural trend of experimental tuberculosis and after chemo therapy course. All the ceil samples were tested by spontaneous and stimulated test with nitrogen blue tetrazolinium in order to determine superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, malondialdehyde and thrombocytes activation factor (TAF) content. Eighteen healthy animals formed the control group. It was found that after in sertion of pathogen alveolar macro phages of pure fraction went to maxim umirritation , then became decompensated rapidly and then, in the terminal period of infection, they began working for self-preservation and increased the activity of antioxidant protection enzymes multiply. SCS bactericidal potential was kept longer, but AM and SCS values were equivalent in the terminal period. Blood neutrophyles bactericidal potential was kept during the whole infectious process. TAF level of SCS and neutrophyles increased sharply in infected animals, but it enlarged only for a short time in isolated AM. All the revealed changes were smoothed out in various degrees after chemotherapy course.

Prediction of tuberculosis process severity was performed by comparision of clinical course and some genetic markers in blood and urine, such as haptoglobin (Hp) phenotype, activity of erythrocyte glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-PDG) and phenotyping according to INK in activation rate.
Combinations of genetic markers were found which were encountered more frequently in patients with severe course of disease. These combinations were called unfavourable, such as homozygous haptoglobin type, feeble inactivator, low G-6-PDG activity. And favourable combinations were found which were encountered in mild tuberculosis course, such as heterozygous haptoglobin type, potent in activator, normal G-6-PDG activity.

The problem of inhaled steroids administration in respiratory tuberculosis is being discussed whereas systemic prednisolone is a standard component of pathogenic therapy of active lung tuberculosis. This study shows research results for inhaled steroid Ingakort compared with oral prednisolone in lung tuberculosis patients with airway limitation syndrome. The results permit to approve that Ingakort in daily dose of 1000 meg is safe concerning exacerbation of the specific process for the patients studied. Such treatment is accompanied by improvement of bronchial passability and sensitivity to broncholytic drugs.

An analysis was carried out of dissecting protocols and histories of 24 patients who were diagnosed during their postmortem examination as having different forms of lung tuberculosis. Diagnosis of tuberculosis was reached during the patients’ life in 14 patients. Among 9 fibrocavernous tuberculosis patients the clinical diagnosis was established only in 3 ones. Eight cases of postmortem examination revealed a morphological features of caseous pneumonia, that was evidence of significant activity of tuberculosis. A lot of patients entered the hospitals in extreme severe condition which made their adequate examination difficult. Chronic alcohol intoxication, chronic obstructive lung diseases and steroid therapy were noted among risk factors for lung tuberculosis.

Practical interest of the problem is associated with the need of timely detection and correction of surfactant dependent disorders of respiratory function accompanying lung tuberculosis and complicating its course.
The aim of this study was to compare surface tension indices, anti-atelectatic function and ultrastructure of surfactant membranes in bilateral broncho-alveolar washings from 84 patients with unilateral pulmonary tuberculosis. Ninetytwo percent of fibro-cavernous tuberculosis patients showed significant changes in surface tension and anti-atelectatic function, destructively changed surfactant membranes both in the affected lung and opposite one. In cases of infiltrative lung tuberculosis 63% of patients demonstrated surface tension and anti-atelectatic function disorders, 89% were revealed to emerge changed surfactant membranes in broncho-alveolar washings from both of lungs. In cases of cavernous and focal tuberculosis functional surfactant disorders were observed only in 42 % of patients in the affected side only; ultrastructure of surfactant membranes varied in both of lungs depending on the expressiveness of destructive and compensatory changes in the surfactant system. Data obtained show surfactant reactions in both of lungs as a response to tubercular infection and could be used for diagnostics and prognosing of respiratory failure .

We carried out an experimental study of lung reparative reactions in 70 guinea pigs infected with granular mycobacteria isolated from respiratory sarcoidosis patients. The animals were treated with MM-wave therapy and leukinferon for 3-6 months. We observed a natural course of sarcoidosis for 9 months.
Progressive granulematosis was determined to be characterised by a reduction in the phagocyting function of alveolar macrophages, prevalence of macro phages' secreting subpopulations, dystrophy and destruction of type 1 and 2 alveolocytes outside the lesion foci.
MMO-wave therapy and leukinferon treatment had favourable effect on the sarcoidosis course. After 1.5 - month treatment we have observed a considerable resolution of the foci with prevalence of phagocyting subpopulations of alveolar macro phages.
It was determined that leukinferon combined with MM -wave therapy had the protective effect on the ultrastructure of type 1 alveolocytes, increased proliferative and regenerative activity of type 2 alveolocytes providing full restoration of epithelium by 6 months.

The aim of this study was to determine an influence of granular mycobacteria on sarcoidosis course, to develop the most effective treatment schemes and to evaluate treatment delayed results.
Granular mycobacteria were found in blood, sputum and broncho-alveolar washings of 57 % of sarcoidosis patients and 65 % of tuberculosis ones. Granular mycobacteria were revealed using highly sensitive specific staining by fluorochrome dyes and luminescent microscopy. Those microorganisms were painted like acid-stable Micobacteria tuberculosis from small-granular forms to large-granular ones (0.1 to 0.8 m cm in a diameter).
Granular mycobacteria were looked for in 93 sarcoidosis patients. They were revealed in 59 patients and were not revealed in 34 ones. Granular mycobacteria have been detected most often in sarcoidosis patients with wide spread forms, extra pulmonary lesions and reccurent course . An analysis of treatment results of sarcoidosis patients in remote period demonstrated that they were significantly worse in patients with presence of granular mycobacteria using both basic therapy (steroids) and combination with plasma pheresis. Granular mycobacteria were considered to be a burden in the disease course and require further improvement in treatment methodics.

Ciliary activity of airway epithelium (CE) is investigated in different clinical and etiological forms of pneumonia and acute bronchitis. The study was carried out using a computed analyzer for biological objects’ mobility Cilia-03-08. The registration of ciliary mobility was performed by the method of transilluminate microscopy of mobile objects. Mathematical analysis of ciliar activity parameters was made by modulus programmes kit for ECM. Ciliary dysfunction is developed in patients with pneumonia and acute bronchitis and is accompanied by diminishing of ciliary beating frequency, change of phases duration ratio of ciliary motion cycle, decrease in synchronism of ciliary vibration in neighbouring epithelium areas. A correlation of ciliary motion parameters with kind of pathology, its etiology and course was found. The greatest inhibition of ciliary activity was observed in patients with pneumonia and acute bronchitis caused by Staphylococcus. Lingering pneumonia and acute bronchitis were accompanied by slower ciliary beating frequency. Ciliary dysfunction in pneumonia and acute bronchitis mainly due not to decrease in ciliary beating frequency but disorders of ciliary vibration synchronism in neighbouring epithelium areas. In recovery period the ciliary activity parameters do not return to normal independently pneumonia and acute bronchitis nosology. The mathematical method for ciliary motion analysis which has been described allows to evaluate quantitatively the ciliary function of respiratory epithelium and enables to detect its disorders in early stages using the criteria suggested.

The aim of this study was to examine the firnctional metabolic processes in the alveolar macrohpages (AM) in patients with infection-dependent bronchial asthma (BA) depending on the desease phase and of a possibility of their correction with antioxidants. Infection-dependent BA patients who received antioxidant "Emoxypyne" in addition to the conventional therapy demonstrated a more pronounced lowering lipid peroxidation, increase antioxidant abilities and normalisation phoshpolipid fraction in AM than those given the conventional therapy alone. The data obtaned attest to the activation lipoperoxidation processes and to inhibition of antioxidant defense system in AM from the patients with BA, providing evidense in favour of including antioxidants in combined therapy of BA.

Theoretical way of calculation of endogenous carbon dioxide in the exhaled air in the case of its generation by bronchial epithelium or diffusion through alveolus proposed in the present study. It has been shown that mechanism of diffusion output through alveolus more adequately explains experimental data. It is supposed that experimental calculation of endogenous carbon dioxide could be improved by above mentioned way of calculation, that is important for differential diagnosis of asthma and interstitial lung diseases.

Statistic data of respiratory tuberculosis epidemiology in Russian Federation and in Moscow are shown in the article. A special attention is given to early detection of tuberculosis in general practice including a minimal obligatory diagnostic set with direct microscopy of sputum smear and its staining by Zihl-Nilsen method, chest X-ray examination, tuberculin testing of children and a dolescents.
Diagnostic methods are indicated which prove tuberculosis activity in patients with radiological changes in lungs and negative result of sputum microscopic examination.
An important role of modern imagining methods, such as computed tomography and ultrasonic examination, for complex tuberculosis diagnostics is emphasized.
Three patients’ groups were selected according to clinical peculiarities of respiratory tuberculosis.
A great attention is paid for treatment of tuberculosis patients, especially when drug resistance of micobacteria and concomitant diseases take place.
WHO recommendations concerning selection of different patients’ categories for chemo therapy are given.

The efficacy and tolerability of new anti-coughing peripherally-acting drug Levopront (Levodropropizine) were studied in patients with dry cough. Data for 60 patients aged from 18 to 73 years with various respiratory diseases treated in 3 clinics were analyzed. Levopront was applied in a commonly recommended dose during 7 -10 days.
The efficacy of Levopront was 90 % and good or quite good results embodied in disappearance or significant reduction of cough were found in 80% of the cases. The drug's high efficacy was accompanied by its good tolerability. The adverse events displayed were not great and did not require the treatment abolition.
Thus, the results obtained evidence that Levopront (Levodropropizine) is an effective and safe drug for treatment of dry cough due to various respiratory pathology in patients of different age.