Questions about the inhalation devices constructing that allow to spray optimally the inhaled powders with minimal sedimentation in upper airways were discussed in this article. To solve successfully the problem of optimal medication delivery into distal bronchi, the experimental device modelling the “ inhaler-airways” system and fitting to conditions of airflow in airways and to imaginations about respiratory system functioning was designed. During constructing the device and result analysis, the authors used the mathematical model of respiratory system, that is presented in the article.
The use of the device allowed to estimate objectively the advantage of the native dry inhaler IN-2 in comparison with foreign analogues. The designed measures of mathematical and physical modelling allow to estimate the efficiency of the most used dry inhalers, that is very important for decisions of the foreign analogues buying.

The saltos effect on bronchial hyperresponsiveness was studied in 10 patients with bronchial asthma (4 females and 6 males), aged 20 to 59 years. The bronchial hyperresponsiveness was evaluated with bronchial challenge with histamine by the continuous normal breath method (2 minutes of aerosol inhalation) on baseline level and 3, 6, and 9 hours after medication (6 mg of the drug). FEV₁ changes and provocational histamine concentration, that provided 20% of FEV₁ decrease (PD₂₀) were measured. After 3 hours, the FEV₁ increase (in 5.1±1.9%, /К0.05) was noted. After 6 and 9 hours the significant FEV₁ increase was not noted. After 3, 6, and 9 hours from saltos medication, the significant histamine PD 20 increase in 1.1±0.2 of dual concentration (DC), p<0.005, in 0.8±0.2 of DC, /К0.01, and in 0.8+0.2 of DC respectively was noted. The obtained data allow to consider that in single use saltos have not only the prolonged broncholitic effect, but protective action on bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

The comparative estimation of lipid content changes in tracheobrocnhial secretion in patients with malignant tumor and non-specific pulmonary diseases was carried out. The percent ratio of lipid acids content in lipid extracts of endobronchial lavage fluids was studied by the gase-fluid chromatography method. 20 patients with non-specific pulmonary diseases and 52 patients with verified pulmonary oncopathology were examined. It was found, that during malignant tumor, the percent content of stearinic and oleinic acids is significantly greater than in non-specific pulmonary diseases. Duirng lung cancer, the arachidonic acid content is significantly lower in comparison with non-specific pulmonary diseases and control values. The diagnostical coefficient was calculated: the content of stearinic acid in pescents plus the oleinic acid content in percents and all that is divided on the arachidonic acid content in percents. During that index increase in bronchial lavage lipid extract more than 8.5 r.u., the diagnosis of malignant pulmonary tumor may be established.

The prolonged study of airway pass was performed in 94 patients with various entities of chronic bronchitis (CB). The dynamics of airway pass was evaluated according to year averaged reductions (YAR) of FEV₁. This index was compared with physiological reduction standard (0.03 1). The negative dynamics of YAR FEV₁ was found in all the entities of CB but in most cases in chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB) In these cases FEV₁ diminution to the critical level (1.0 1) was occurred. After that the further decrease of FEV₁ wasn’t noted, if particularly the treatment was proceeded. In patients with chronic non-obstructive bronchitis YAR FEV₁ was less expressed, but in most cases, the negative dynamics was occurred. The YAR FEV₁ study in patients with CB with reversible airway limitation was difficult because of clinical courses variations and occurrence of the negative dynamics. Therefore, the YAR FEV₁ index may be available as one of diagnostic criteria in estimation of functional state dynamics in patients with various entities of CB.

Total examination of adults from two farm region of the Altai republic was carried out by screening questionnaire use. In the first region, 897 subjects were examined, and in the second one, 1136 subjects were examined. The pulmonary disease discovery frequency in the first region, that places in the area of radiation exposure from the firing place (explosions in August—October in 1956, 0.1 mber/km ), was 2 times greater (36%) than in the second region, that places outside of the firing place influence zone. Chronic bronchitis was diagnosed in 30.7% and 16.1% of examined, bronchial asthma was found in 2.0% and 0.1% of ones, and lung tuberculosis was found in 3.1 % and 0.5% of ones respectively to the regions. In the first region, chronic obstructive bronchitis was discovered 3 times more often, especially its suppurative entities, than in the second region. Two time'increase of morbidity was noted in adolescents and adults, especially in males. In the first region, cardiac and naso-laringeal diseases were discovered almost 2 time more often than in the second one. There were not significant differences on the other pathologies. Dependence of various diseases relatively to regions on social, professional, age, and sexual factors, smoking, current and cured diseases was not found. The living in the area of radiation exposure is essential risk factor of broncho-pulmonary diseases.

The clinical, endoscopical and functional examination was carried out in 5 patients with severe bronchial asthma of infection dependent form. The patients had the dependence on oral steroids and frequent disease exacerbation. It was shown that long-term use of the native Budesonidc glucocorticoid diminished asthma symptoms, decreased the inflammation intensity in airways and bronchial hyperreactivity, improved lung function, allowed to decrease the dose of oral steroids or to avoid them completely.

Reactions of cardiac rhythm on occlusion respiratory test (P_0,1) were studied in 18 subject without evidence of pathology. The airflow interruption on 100ms (P_0,1) was carried out at the beginning of inspiration and expiration. The phenomenon of short-term cardiac rhythm reactions consisting of consequent shortage of two or three R-R intervals after use of P_0,1 during inspiration and prolongation of two or three R-R intervals after P_0,1 use during expiration was found. The delay of short-term cardiac rhythm reactions was greater than 1 sek.

Various schemes of broncholytic therapy in children with CF aged 8 to 18 years were presented and analysed. The patients were divided in 3 groups according to therapy. 14 patients of the first group obtained medication of sustained form of theophylline THEOPEC (production of Russia) in dose of 187 mg/kg/day. 10 patients of the second group received medication of sustained form of the drug THEOSTAT drug of French production in dose of 163 mg/kg/day. The third group was contained of 8 patients receiving the combination of theopec and VENTOLIN (salbutamol). Theophylline serum concentrations were determined in the first group. The best clinical effect and dynamics were noted in Russian form (theopec) of the sustained drug and in combination of the one with ventoline. However, results of the therapy with theophyllin were not satisfactory in the all CF patients due to pharmacokinetic peculiarities of the drug and due to the increased sencitivity of the patients to theophylline.

98 patients with bronchial asthma, aged 21 to 56 years, were examined. The effect of antioxidants, actovegin and lipostabil, and immunomodulator reaferon on indices of lipid peroxidation (M D A , blood serum chemiluminescence, catalase and superoxiddismutase activity) and cellular and humoral immunity has been studied. Combined correction resulted in restoration of oxidative and immune homeostasis, recovery of bronchial permeability and term reduction of the remission onset.

The comparative estimation of efficiency of sungle-use haloterapy course of 25 days long (the first patient group) and the one of 15 days long combined with seven procedures of postural drainage, drainage gymnastics and vacuum massage (the second patient group) was carried out. The first group includes 98 patients (50 ones with infection dependent bronchial asthma (IDBA) and 48 ones with chronic obstructive bronchitis (COB)). The second one includes 86 patients (50 subjects with I D BA and 36 ones with COB).The efficiency estimation was carried out on the basis of clinical examination data (self-control questionaires), lung function data with pharmacological challenge before and after the treatment and the exacerbation frequency during lasting 18 months. The improvement in the first group was noted in all the parameters in 34 patients with ID BA (68%) and 30 ones with COB (78%). The disease remission durated near 6 months. The steady improvement in the second group was achieved in 39 patients with ID BA (74%) and 34 ones with COB (97%). The disease remission was 18 months.
Thus, under influence of complex therapy use in rehabilitation including halotherapy, postural drainage and vacuum massage, the steady improvement of postponed clinical laboratorial indices, high rehabilitation effect and reduction of treatment terms were noted in comparison with the isolated course of halotherapy.

The efficacy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for M.tuberculosis detection in biological materials was studied. Sputum and biological fluids were investigated in 106 patients with tuberculosis and non-specific pulmonary diseases. The observed specific and great PC R sensitivity was two times greater than the sensitivity of bacteriological culture in solid media.
A kit of reagents for rapid M.tuberculosis detection by PCR-technique has been developed.
It was shown that the improving and simplifying possibility of PCR technology by magnetic immunosorbent use allows to perform PC R without DNA isolation and keep the method sensitivity.

The aim of the study was to estimate what physical properties of bronchial secretion are changed under influence of “ Mucosolvin-Oral” (acetilcystein). 18 patients with various entities of bronchial asthma were examined. Viscose and adhesive properties of sputum were studied with the standard methods use before and after medication. It was found, that after the first day of medication the adhesion, elastance and viscosity decreased in general in 30%, and after the fourth day they decreased in 36.52%, 58.75% and 56.57% respectively.
Thus, mucosolvin improves significantly sputum excretion during bronchial asthma.

The aim of the present investigation was to study the lipid metabolism in alveolar macrophages in patients with predasthma and bronchial asthma. In alveolar macrophages levels of membrane phospholipids, cholesterine, and the activity of phospholipase A₂ were measured. In patients with bronchial asthma, changes in lipid phase of alveolar macrophage membranes, the increase of toxic phospholipid degradation products and cholesterine, and the rise of the phospholipase A₂ activity were found. During the course of treatment, lipid metabolism in asthmatics did not return to normal values. The tendency to normalisation was obseived in patients with predasthma remission only.

In population of Taimyr autonomous region settlements situated 90 and more kilometers from Norilsk mining and smelting complex, the higher concentration of nickel, lead, manganese, copper in blood components and in hair, the disorders of rations of bioelements, the most marker in the patients with non-specific pulmonary diseases (NSPD) in comparison with the control groups were found.
The increase of oxidation-reduction blood potential of patients with NSPD at the expense of the increase of ceruloplasmin/transferrin index and the content of methomoglobin in comparison with the control was revealed. By the electron spain resonance (ESR) method the dependence of the ceruloplasmin-transferrin system state on the level of copper and ferrum ions in blood of patients with chronic non-specific pulmonary diseases was established.

The role of photoinduced oxygenation processes in blood in induction of therapeutic activity of the blood after UV-irradiation was analysed. It was concluded on the base of some effects of lipid antioxidants and cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the degree of lipid peroxidation products in incubated with UV-irradiation blood cell suspension, on the lethality of rats from experimental peritonitis during treatments with UV-irradiated blood infusions, that (1) U V radiation induced cyclooxygenase activation in blood platelets and leukocytes and (2) UV-induced activation of cyclooxygenase polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation in blood is one of the underlying mechanisms of UV-induction of the therapeutic activity of blood.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the features of CO₂ inhibiting action on leukocytal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in patients with bronchial asthma (BA). Sixty patients with BA and 20 healthy donors were examined. The CO₂ action on leukocytal generation of ROS was estimated by luminol dependent and lucinogen dependent chemiluminescent (CL) methods before and after the CO₂ action of 5.1%, 8%, and 20%. It was found that CO₂ inhibites significantly the leukocytal CL. However, this inhibiting influence on generation of ROS is decreased in patients with BA in the exacerbation phase in comparison with healthy donors. The influence does not differ from normal values in 30% of the patients. In the remission phase, the inhibiting influence of CO₂ on leukocytal generation of ROS is repaired partly or completely. Thus, on the one hand, CO₂ is included into the BA pathogenesis thru the decrease of inhibiting influence on generation of ROS, and, on the other hand, only 30% of BA patients are prescribed to be treated with increased CO₂ concentration inhalations.

The lymphocytal regulation action onto fibroblasts in cell cultures was studied in 32 patients with pneumonia: 15 with typical course, 9 with prolonged course and the complete clinical healing, 8 with focal pneumofibrosis. The dependence between direction, manifestation of regulation stimuli of lymphocytes, and clinical course of the disease was found. It was concluded that regulatory and effectory function impairments in lymphocytes may cause the sharp count increase of active fibroblasts in the inflammation focus. It may cause inadequate collagen production and exhaustive collagen structure vegetation with pneumofibrosis and pneumosclerosis formation. It was aslo concluded that the fibrogenic process can be managed by correction of lymphocyte function.