Morbidity of influenza, other acute respiratory viral infections and pneumonia in population of the Central district of Moscow, 2012 – 2016, and vaccine prevention

This study was aimed at investigation of effects of vaccination against influenza and pneumococcal infection on seasonal morbidity and mortality of influenza, acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in 2012 – 2016 in population of the Central district of Moscow. Methods. Data for the analysis were obtained from official statistic reports and death certificates of patients died in a hospital from flu and CAP. Results of virological investigations of nasopharyngeal swabs for viral RNA of influenza А(H1N1)09v, А(H3N2), and В, and results of bacteriological investigations of sputum and were also used. Results. The morbidity of infectious and parasitic diseases in the Central district of Moscow has decreased by 21.0% in 2016, if compared to 2012, including 19.0% decrease for ARVI. Morbidity of flu increased, probably due to epidemic circulation of influenza virus and improvement in laboratory diagnosis. CAP morbidity was associated with epidemic circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses and has increased from 2015 to 2016. The highest morbidity of CAP and severe fatal CAP were registered during influenza epidemics. There was a 1.95-fold increase in vaccination coverage against influenza and 3.69-fold increase in vaccination coverage against pneumococcal infection. Though CAP and influenza morbidity increased, vaccination was related to decrease in mortality from CAP in 2016. Conclusion. The results demonstrated that ARVI morbidity in the Central district of Moscow had decreased in 2012 – 2016, but influenza incidence increased. Pneumonia morbidity was associated with epidemic growth of flu and ARVI morbidity. Vaccination coverage against flu and CAP increased and resulted in decreased morbidity of ARVI and decreased mortality from CAP and influenza.

1. Coffin S.E., Zaoutis T.E., Rosenquist A.B. et al. Incidence, complications, and risk factors for prolonged stay in children hospitalized with community-acquired influenza. Pediatrics. 2007; 119 (4): 740–748. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-2679.

2. Finelli L., Fiore A., Dhara R. et al. Influenza-associated pediatric mortality in the United States: increase of Staphylococcus aureus coinfection. Pediatrics. 2009; 122 (4): 805–811. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1336.

3. Bhat N., Wright J.G., Broder K.R. et al. Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003–2004. New Eng. J. Med. 2005; 353 (24): 2559–2567.

4. Joseph C., Togawa Yu., Shindo N. Bacterial and viral infections associated with influenza. Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 2013; 7 (Suppl. 2): 105–113. DOI: 10.1111/irv.12089.

5. Brundage J.F. Interactions between influenza and bacterial respiratory pathogens: implications for pandemic preparedness. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2006; 6 (5): 303–312. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70466-2.

6. Beadling C., Slifka M.K. How do viral infections predispose patients to bacterial infections? Curr. Opin. Inf. Dis. 2004; 17 (3): 185–191.

7. McCullers J.A. Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2006; 19 (3): 571–582. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00058-05.

8. Peltola V.T., Murti K.G., McCullers J.A. Influenza virus neuraminidase contributes to secondary bacterial pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 2005; 192 (2): 249–257. DOI: 10.1086/430954.

9. Briko N.I., Lobzin Yu.V., Baranov A.A. et al. Efficacy of vaccination: main approaches and controversies. Pediatricheskaya farmakologiya. 2014; 11 (4): 8–15 (in Russian).

10. Musher D.M., Manoff S.B., McFetridge R.D. et al. Antibody persistence ten years after first and second doses of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and immunogenicity and safety of second and third doses in older adults. Human Vaccines. 2011; 7: (9) 919–928. DOI: 10.4161/hv.7.9.15996.

11. Cohen R., Levy C., Bingen E. et al. Impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children with acute otitis media. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2012; 31 (3): 297–301. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e318247ef84.