Body plethysmography: national guidelines. Russian Respiratory Society. Russian Association of Specialists in Functional Diagnostics
A. V. Cherniak,
M. I. Chushkin,
Z. R. Aisanov,
S. N. Avdeev,
N. F. Beresten,
A. V. Vorobiev,
A. V. Dubakov,
E. N. Kalmanova,
M. Yu. Kameneva,
L. D. Kiryukhina,
M. Kh. Mustafina,
J. M. Perelman,
A. G. Prikhodko,
P. V. Struchkov,
E. G. Furman,
V. P. Khokhlov https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2025-35-3-299-330
Abstract
Body plethysmography (synonyms: plethysmography, whole body plethysmography) is an important method for evaluation of the ventilation function of the respiratory system. This method can be used to measure static lung volumes and airway resistance. Methods. This document on body plethysmography was developed by a group of experts from the Russian Respiratory Society and the Russian Association of Specialists in Functional Diagnostics. All experts have experience in conducting research in accordance with quality criteria, analyzing the test results, and developing national standards. Results. Technical standards for body plethysmography were recommended, including criteria for the measurement quality and assessment of the test quality. The experience and knowledge of the expert group members were used in developing these recommendations. Conclusion. The article presents standards for measuring static lung volumes and airway resistance together with an algorithm for interpreting the results. This should contribute to improving the quality of measurements and uniformity in data interpretation.
Keywords
body plethysmography,
respiratory system function,
static lung volumes,
airway resistance,
technical standards,
interpretation of results. Conflict of interest. The authors have not declared any conflicts of interest
Supporting agencies: The article was published with the financial support of the Joint Stock Company “LassaMed Medical Systems”
About the Authors
A. V. Cherniak
Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation; State Budgetary Health Care Institution of the City of Moscow “City Clinical Hospital named after D.D.Pletnev of Moscow Department of Health”; Moscow State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Moscow City Hospital named after S.S.Yudin”, Moscow Healthcare Department: ul. Akademika
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Alexander V. Cherniak - Candidate of Medicine, Head of Laboratory of Functional and Ultrasound Investigations, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation; Physician of Functional Diagnostics, Department of Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, State Budgetary Healthcare Institution D.D. Pletnev City Clinical Hospital, Healthcare Department of Moscow; Doctor of Functional Diagnostics of the Department of functional and ultrasound diagnostics, Moscow State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Moscow City Hospital named after S.S.Yudin”, Moscow Healthcare Department.
Orekhovyy bul’var 28, build. 10, Moscow, 115682; ul. Odinnadtsataya Parkovaya 32, Moscow, 105077; Millionshchikova 1, Moscow, 115487; tel.: (495) 395-63-93; Author ID: 687383
Competing Interests:
none
M. I. Chushkin
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Mikhail I. Chushkin - Doctor of Medicine, Leading Researcher, Center for Diagnosis and Rehabilitation of Respiratory Diseases.
Yauzskaya alleya 2, Moscow, 107564; tel.: (499) 785-90-48
Competing Interests:
none
Z. R. Aisanov
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Zaurbek R. Aisanov - Doctor of Medicine, Professor. Professor, Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Additional Professional Education.
Ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997; tel.: (495) 965-34-66; Author ID: 542371
Competing Interests:
none
S. N. Avdeev
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University); Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Sergey N. Avdeev - Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Medical Research Center for Pulmonology; Head of Clinical Department, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology SRI” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation; Chief Pulmonologist of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Head of the Department of Pulmonology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University); Chief Pulmonologist of the Ministry of Health of the RF.
Ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991; Orekhovyy bul’var 28, build. 10, Moscow, 115682; tel.: (495) 708-35-76
Competing Interests:
none
N. F. Beresten
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education”, Ministry of Health of Russia; State Budgetary Health Institution of the Moscow Region “Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (“MONIKI”)”
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Natalya F. Beresten - Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Professor, Department of Clinical Physiology and Functional Diagnostics, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Additional Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education” of the Ministry of Health of Russia; Scientific Secretary, State Budgetary Health Institution of the Moscow Region “Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (“MONIKI”)”; Chairman of the Council of the All-Russian Public Organization “Russian Association of Functional Diagnostics Specialists”.
Ul. Barrikadnaya 2/1, Moscow, 123995; ul. Shchepkina 61/2, Moscow, 129110; tel.: (916) 117-94-16
Competing Interests:
none
A. V. Vorobiev
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovskyy National Research Centre of Surgery”
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Andrey V. Vorobyov - Doctor of Functional Diagnostics, Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Stress Tests and Scientific and Clinical Center No.1.
Abrikosovskiy per. 2, Moscow, 119991; tel.: (499) 248-01-79
Competing Interests:
none
A. V. Dubakov
Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education “Siberian State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Alexey V. Dubakov - Candidate of Medicine, Physician of Functional Diagnostics, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education “Siberian State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Assistant, Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Advanced Training and Professional Retraining of Specialists, Research Institute of Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences”.
Moskovskiy tract 2, Tomsk, 634050; ul. Kievskaya 111A, Tomsk, 634012; tel.: (382) 255-69-09; Author ID: 315033
Competing Interests:
none
E. N. Kalmanova
State Budgetary Health Care Institution of the City of Moscow “City Clinical Hospital named after D.D.Pletnev of Moscow Department of Health”; Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Elena N. Kalmanova - Candidate of Medicine, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor, Department of Hospital Therapy, Institute of Maternity and Childhood, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Head of the Department of Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, State Budgetary Healthcare Institution D.D.Pletnev City Clinical Hospital, Healthcare Department of Moscow.
Ul. Odinnadtsataya Parkovaya 32, Moscow, 105077; ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997; tel.: (495) 965-34-66; Author ID: 581036
Competing Interests:
none
M. Yu. Kameneva
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Marina Yu. Kameneva - Doctor of Medicine, Leading Researcher, Research Institute of Rheumatology and Allergology, Scientific and Clinical Research Center; Doctor of Functional Diagnostics in the Functional Diagnostics Room of the polyclinic with the clinical diagnostic center, Clinic of the Scientific and Clinical Research Center, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University”, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation
Ul. L`va Tolstogo 6 – 8, Saint-Petersburg, 197022; tel.: (812) 338-60-78; Author ID: 15686
Competing Interests:
none
L. D. Kiryukhina
Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation; Russian Federation Healthcare Ministry Saint-Petersburg State Phthisiopulmonology Research Institute
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Larisa D. Kiryukhina - Candidate of Medicine, Head of the Department of Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Respiration, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation; Leading Researcher, Head of the Research Laboratory of Functional research, Russian Federation Healthcare Ministry Saint-Petersburg State Phthisiopulmonology Research Institute
Orekhovyy bul’var 28, build. 10, Moscow, 115682; Ligovsky pr. 2 – 4, Saint-Petersburg, 191036; tel.: (495) 410-39-00; Author ID: 342739
Competing Interests:
none
M. Kh. Mustafina
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University); Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Malika Kh. Mustafina - Candidate of Medicine, Associate Professor, Department of Cardiology, Functional and Ultrasound Diagnostics, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University); Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Respiration, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of RF.
Ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991; Orekhovyy bul’var 28, build. 10, Moscow, 115682; tel.: (499) 248-34-77; Author ID: 687382
Competing Interests:
none
J. M. Perelman
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Far Eastern Scientific Center for Physiology and Pathology of Respiration” of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
the Russian Academy of Sciences, Deputy Director for Research, Head of the Laboratory of Functional Methods for the Study of the Respiratory System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Far Eastern Scientific Center for Physiology and Pathology of Respiration”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the RF.
Ul. Kalinina 22, Blagoveshchensk, 675000; tel.: (4162) 77-28-01; Author ID: 109047
Competing Interests:
none
A. G. Prikhodko
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Far Eastern Scientific Center for Physiology and Pathology of Respiration” of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Anna G. Prikhodko - Doctor of Medicine, Chief Researcher, Laboratory of Functional Methods for the Study of the Respiratory System, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Far Eastern Scientific Center for Physiology and Pathology of Respiration”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the RF.
Ul. Kalinina 22, Blagoveshchensk, 675000; tel.: (962) 284-43-90; Author ID: 189495
Competing Interests:
none
P. V. Struchkov
Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia”; Federal State Budgetary Institution of Health Care “Clinical Hospital No.85” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Petr V. Struchkov - Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Physiology and Functional Diagnostics, Academy of Postgraduate Education, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia”; Deputy Head of the Department of Functional Diagnostics, Federal State Budgetary Institution of Health Care “Clinical Hospital No.85”, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia.
Orekhovyy bul’var 28, Moscow, 115682; ul. Moskvorech’e 16, build. 9, Moscow, 115522; tel.: (499) 324-45-83
Competing Interests:
none
E. G. Furman
State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training “Perm State Medical University named after Academician E.A. Wagner” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Evgeny G. Furman - Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Faculty and Hospital Pediatrics, State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training “Perm State Medical University named after Academician E.A.Wagner” of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Ul. Petropavlovskaya 26, Perm, 614990; tel.: (342) 221-86-15; Scopus Author ID: 56652600500; Researcher ID: A-4562-2019
Competing Interests:
none
V. P. Khokhlov
Regional State Autonomous Healthcare Institution “Irkutsk Regional Clinical Consultative and Diagnostic Center”; Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education – Branch Campus of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education” of the Healthcare Ministry of the Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Competing Interests:
Russian Federation
Vladimir P. Khokhlov - Doctor of Medicine, Head of the Functional Diagnostics Department, Regional State Autonomous Healthcare Institution “Irkutsk Regional Clinical Consultative and Diagnostic Center”; Professor, Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics Department, Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education – Branch Campus of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education “Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional Education”, Healthcare Ministry of the Russian Federation
Ul. Baykal’skaya 109, Irkutsk, 664046; mkr Yubilejnyy 100, Irkutsk, 664079; tel.: (83952) 46-03-18; Author ID: 635074
Competing Interests:
none
References
1. Kameneva M.Yu., Cherniak A.V., Aisanov Z.R. et al. [Spirometry: national guidelines for the testing and interpretation of results. Interregional Public Organization “Russian Respiratory Society”, All-Russian Public Organization “Russian Association of Specialists in Functional Diagnostics”, All-Russian Public Organization “Russian Scientific Medical Society of Therapists”]. Pul'monologiya. 2023; 33 (3): 307–340. DOI: 10.18093/08690189-2023-33-3-307-340 (in Russian).
2. Wanger J., Clausen J.L., Coates A. et al. Standartization of the measurement of lung volumes. Eur. Respir J. 2005; 26 (3): 511–522. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00035005.
3. Bhakta N.R., McGowan A., Ramsey K.A. et al. European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society technical statement: standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes, 2023 update. Eur. Respir. J. 2023; 62 (4): 2201519. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01519-2022.
4. Kameneva M.Yu. [Study of the function of external respiration]. In: Ilkovich M.M., Kokosov A.N., eds. [Interstitial lung diseases: a manual for doctors]. St. Petersburg: Nordmedizdat; 2005: 50–58 (in Russian).
5. Quanjer P.H., Pretto J.J., Brazzale D.J., Boros P.W. Grading the severity of airways obstruction: new wine in new bottles. Eur. Respir. J. 2014; 43 (2): 505–512. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00086313.
6. Graham B.L., Steenbruggen I., Miller M.R. et al. Standardization of spirometry 2019 update. An official American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society technical statement. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2019; 200 (8): e70–88. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201908-1590ST.
7. Savushkina O.I., Chernyak A.V., eds. [Pulmonary function tests: from theory to practice. Manual for physicians]. Moscow: STROM; 2017 (in Russian).
8. DuBois A.B., Botelho S.Y., Comroe J.H. Jr. A new method for measuring airway resistance in man using a body plethysmograph: values in normal subjects and in patients with respiratory disease. J. Clin. Invest. 1956; 35 (3): 327–335. DOI: 10.1172/JCI103282.
9. Quanjer P.H., Tammeling G.J., Cotes J.E. et al. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report working party standardization of lung function tests, European Community for steel and coal. Official statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur. Respir. J. Suppl. 1993; 6 (Suppl. 16): 5–40. DOI: 10.1183/09041950.005s1693.
10. Islam M.S., Ulmer W.T. Diagnostic value of “closing volume” in comparison to “airway resistance-lung volume plot”. Respiration. 1974; 31 (6): 449–458. DOI: 10.1159/000193618.
11. Matthys H., Orth U. Comparative measurements of airway resistance. Respiration. 1975; 32 (2): 121–134. DOI: 10.1159/000193642.
12. Hantos Z., Galgуczy G., Daroczy B., Dombos K. Computation of the equivalent airway resistance: a comparison with routine evaluations of plethysmographic measurements. Respiration. 1978; 36 (2): 64–72. DOI: 10.1159/000193928.
13. Goldman M.D., Smith H.J., Ulmer W.T. Whole-body plethysmography. In: Gosselink R., Stam H., eds. Lung function testing. 2005. Vol. 10: 15−43. Available at: https://books.google.ru/books?id=4k8I7cC-CFEC&pg=PA15&hl=ru&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false
14. Kaminsky D.A. What does airway resistance tell us about lung function? Respir. Care. 2012; 57 (1): 85–96. DOI: 10.4187/respcare.01411.
15. Briscoe W.A., Dubois A.B. The relationship between airway resistance, airway conductance and lung volume in subjects of different age and body size. J. Clin. Invest. 1958; 37 (9): 1279–1285. DOI: 10.1172/JCI103715.
16. Casanova C., Cote C., de Torres J.P. et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2005; 171 (6): 591–597. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200407-867OC.
17. Jones R.L., Nzekwu M.M. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest. 2006; 130 (3): 827–833. DOI: 10.1378/chest.130.3.827.
18. Winck A.D., Heinzmann-Filho J.P., Soares R.B. et al. Effects of obesity on lung volume and capacity in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Rev. Paul. Pediatr. 2016; 34 (4): 510–517. DOI: 10.1016/j.rpped.2016.02.008.
19. Tan E.K., Tan E.L. Alterations in physiology and anatomy during pregnancy. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2013; 27 (6): 791–802. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.001.
20. McAuliffe F., Kametas N., Costello J. et al. Respiratory function in singleton and twin pregnancy. BJOG. 2002; 109 (7): 765–769. DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01515.x.
21. Zapletal A., Samanek M., Paul T. Lung function in children and adolescents: methods, reference values. Basel: Thiir AG Offsetdruck; 1987. DOI: 10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-04125-5.
22. Koopman M., Zanen P., Kruitwagen C.L. et al. Reference values for paediatric pulmonary function testing: The Utrecht dataset. Respir. Med. 2011; 105 (1): 15–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.07.020.
23. Hall G.L., Filipow N., Ruppel G. et al. Official ERS technical standard: Global Lung Function Initiative reference values for static lung volumes in individuals of European ancestry. Eur. Respir. J. 2021; 57 (3): 2000289. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00289-2020.
24. Stanojevic S., Kaminsky D.A., Miller M.R. et al. ERS/ATS technical standard on interpretive strategies for routine lung function tests. Eur. Respir. J. 2022; 60 (1): 2101499. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01499-2021.
25. Aaron S.D., Dales R.E., Cardinal P. How accurate is spirometry at predicting restrictive pulmonary impairment? Chest. 1999; 115 (3): 869–873. DOI: 10.1378/chest.115.3.869.
26. Shik L.L., Kanaev N.N., eds. [Handbook of clinical physiology of respiration]. Leningrad: Meditsina, 1980 (in Russian).
27. Littleton S.W., Tulaimat A. The effects of obesity on lung volumes and oxygenation. Respir. Med. 2017; 124: 15–20. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.01.004.
28. Cherniak A.V. [Measurement of lung volumes]. In: Aisanov Z.R., Cherniak A.V., eds. [Functional diagnostics in pulmonology]. Moscow: ATMO; 2016: 40–67 (in Russian).
29. Vorobyova Z.V. [Study of the ventilation function of the lungs]. Moscow: Kniga i biznes; 2008 (in Russian).
30. Koltsun S.S. [Methods for determining the residual volume of the lungs]. Funktsional'naya diagnostika. 2003; (1): 65–76 (in Russian).
31. Kraft M., Pak J., Martin R.J. et al. Distal lung dysfunction at night in nocturnal asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001. 163 (7): 1551–1556. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2008013.
32. Ulmer W.T., Nolte D., Lecheler J. Schaefer T. Die Lungenfunktion. Methodik und klinische Anwendung. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag; 2001. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285917278_Die_Lungenfunktion_Methodik_und_klinische_Anwendung
33. Quanjer P. Standardized lung function testing. Bull Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 1983; 19 (Suppl. 5): 33–38.
34. Kameneva M.Yu., Tishkov A.V., Trofimov V.I. [New approaches to differential diagnostics of ventilation disorder syndromes]. Byulleten' fiziologii i patologii dykhaniya. 2017; 65 (1): 8–15. DOI: 10.12737/article_59aca3bd1aa8e8.39408462 (in Russian).
35. Bates D. Respiratory function in disease. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1989.
36. Pride N., Macklem P. Lung mechanics in Disease. In: Comprehensive Physiology. 2011; Suppl. 12. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp030337.
37. Wilson A. Pulmonary function testing, indications and interpretations. Orlando: Grune & Stratton; 1985.
38. Pellegrino R., Viegi G., Brusasco V. et al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 26 (5): 948–968. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00035205.
Review
For citations:
Cherniak A.V., Chushkin M.I., Aisanov Z.R., Avdeev S.N., Beresten N.F., Vorobiev A.V., Dubakov A.V., Kalmanova E.N., Kameneva M.Yu., Kiryukhina L.D., Mustafina M.Kh., Perelman J.M., Prikhodko A.G., Struchkov P.V., Furman E.G., Khokhlov V.P. Body plethysmography: national guidelines. Russian Respiratory Society. Russian Association of Specialists in Functional Diagnostics. PULMONOLOGIYA. 2025;35(3):299-330. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2025-35-3-299-330
Views:
165
Email this article 