Объединенное соглашение по легочной реабилитации

1. Grone O.,Garcia0Barbero M. Integrated care: apposition paper of the WHO European of?ce for integrated health careservices. Int. J. Integr. Care 2001; 1: 1–15.

2. American Thoracic Society. Pulmonary rehabilitation 1999. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: 1666–1682.

3. Donner C.F., Muir J.F. Selection criteria and programmes for pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients. Rehabilitation and Chronic Care Scienti?c Group of the European Respiratory Society. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 744–757.

4. American College of Chest Physicians, American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Pulmonary rehabilitation: joint ACCP/AACVP Revidence-based guidelines. ACCP/AACVPR Pulmonary Rehabilitation Guidelines Panel. Chest 1997; 112: 1363–1396.

5. Zu Wallack R.Z., Crouch R., eds. American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for pulmonary rehabilitation programs, 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2004.

6. Troosters T., Casaburi R., Gosselink R., Decramer M. Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2005; 172:19–38.

7. Janson C., Bjornsson E., Hetta J., Boman G. Anxiety and depression in relation to respiratory symptoms and asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 149: 930–934.

8. Parekh P.I., Blumenthal J.A., Babyak M.A. et al. Psychiatric disorder and quality of life in patients awaiting lung transplantation. Chest 2003; 124: 1682–1688.

9. Borak J., Chodosowska E., Matuszewski A., Zielinski J. Emotional status does not alter exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 12: 370–373.

10. WeismanI M., Zeballos R.J. Anintegrative approach to cardiopulmonary exercise testing. In: Weisman I.M., Zebellos R.J., eds. Clinical exercise testing. Prog. Respir. Res. Basil, Switzerland: Karger; 2002; 32: 300–322.

11. Hyatt R.E. Expiratory flow limitation. J. Appl. Physiol. 1983; 55:1–7.

12. Pride N.B., Macklem P.T. Lung mechanics in disease. In: Fishman A.P., ed. Handbook of physiology. Bethesda, M.D.: Oxford University Press. American Physiological Society; 659–692.

13. Johnson B.D., WeismanI M., Zeballos R.J., Beck K.C. Emerging concepts in the evaluation of ventilatory limitation to exercise: the exercise tidal volume loop. Chest 1999; 116: 488–503.

14. O’Donnell D.E., Revill S.M., Webb K.A. Dynamic hyperinflation and exercise in tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164: 770–777.

15. Aliverti A., Stevenson N., Dellaca R.L. et al. Regional chest wall volumes during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2004; 59: 210–216.

16. Diaz O., Villafranca C., Ghezzo H. et al. Role of inspiratory capacity on exercise tolerance in COPD patients with and without tidal expiratory fow limitation at rest. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 16: 269–275.

17. Somfay A., Porszasz J., Lee S.M., Casaburi R. Effect of hyperoxia on gas exchange and lactate kinetics following exercise onset in nonhypoxemic COPD patients. Chest 2002; 121: 393–400.

18. O’Donnell D.E., D’Arsigny C., Webb K.A. Effects of hyperoxia on ventilatory limitation in advanced COPD. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 163: 892–898.

19. Emtner M., Porszasz J., Burns M. et al. Benefits of supplemental oxygen in exercise training in nonhypoxemic COPD patients.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 168: 1034–1042.

20. Somfay A., Porszasz J., Lee S.M., Casaburi R. Doseresponse effect of oxygen on hyperinflation and exercise endurance in nonhypoxaemic COPD patients. Eur. Respir. J. 2001; 18: 77–84.

21. Fujimoto K., Matsuzawa Y., Yamaguchi S., Koizumi T., Kubo K. Benefits of oxygen on exercise performance and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with COPD with mild hypoxemia. Chest 2002; 122: 457–463.

22. Maltais F., Simon M., Jobin J. et al. Effects of oxygen on lower limb blood flow and O 2 uptake during exercise in COPD. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001; 33: 916–922.

23. World Health Organization. Definition of chronic corpulmonale. Circulation 1963; 27: 594–615.

24. Santos S., Peinado V.I., Ramirez J. et al. Characterization of pulmonary vascular remodeling in smoker sand patients with mild COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 632–638.

25. Voelkel N.F., Tuder R.M. Hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling: a model for what human disease? J. Clin. Invest. 2000; 106: 733–738.

26. Chetty K.G., Brown S.E., Light R.W. Improved exercise tolerance of the policy the miclung patient following phlebotomy. Am. J. Med. 1983; 74: 415–420.

27. Sietsema K. Cardiovascular limitations in chronic pulmonary disease. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001; 33: S656–S661.

28. MacNee W. Pathophysiology of corpulmonale in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: partone. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 150: 833–852.

29. Butler J., Schrijen F., Henriquez A., Polu J.M., Albert R.K. Cause of the raised wedge pressure on exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 138: 350–354.

30. Chabot F., Schrijen F., Poincelot F., Polu J.M. Interpretation of high wedge pressure on exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cardiology 2001; 95: 139–145.

31. Casaburi R., Patessio A., Ioli F. et al. Reductions in exercise lactic acidosis and ventilation as a result of exercise training in patients with obstructive lung disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 143: 9–18.

32. Puente0Maestu L., Sanz M.L., Sanz P. et al. Effects of two types of training on pulmonary and cardiac responses to moderate exercise in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 15:1026–1032.

33. Casaburi R., Porszasz J., Burns M.R. et al. Physiologic benefits of exercise training in rehabilitation of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 155: 1541–1551.

34. Maltais F., LeBlanc P., Jobin J. Intensity of training and physiological adaptation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 155: 555–561.

35. Schols A.M., Soeters P.B., Dingemans A.M. et al. Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 147: 1151–1156.

36. American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: astatement of the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 1999; 159: S1–S40.

37. Bernard S., LeBlanc P., Whittom F. et al. Peripheral muscle weakness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 158: 629–634.

38. Gosselink R., Troosters T., Decramer M. Peripheral muscle weakness contributes to exercise limitation in COPD. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 153: 976–980.

39. Franssen F.M., Wouters E.F., Baarends E.M., Akkermans M.A., Schols A.M. Arm mechanical efficiency and arm exercise capacity are relatively preserved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002; 34: 1570–1576.

40. Gea J.G., Pasto M., Carmona M.A. et al. Metabolic characteristics of the deltoid muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2001; 17: 939–945.

41. Maltais F., Simard A.A., Simard C. et al. Oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscle and lactic acid kinetics during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with COPD. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 153: 288–293.

42. Maltais F., Jobin J., Sullivan M.J. et al. Metabolic and hemodynamic responses of lower limb during exercise in patients with COPD. J. Appl. Physiol. 1998; 84:1573–1580.

43. Killian K.J., LeBlanc P., Martin D.H. et al. Exercise capacity and ventilatory,circulatory,and symptom limitation in patients with chronic air?ow imitation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 146: 935–940.

44. Jeffery M.M., Kufel T.J., Pineda L. Quadriceps fatigue after cycle exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 161: 447–453.

45. Saey D., Debigare R., LeBlanc P. et al. Contractile leg fatigue after cycle exercise: a factor limiting exercise in patients with COPD. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 168: 425–430.

46. Levine S., Kaiser L., Leferovich J., Tikunov B. Cellular adaptations in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337: 1799–1806.

47. Levine S., Gregory C., Nguyen T. et al. Bioenergetic adaptation of individual human diaphragmatic myo?bers to severe COPD. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002; 92: 1205–1213.

48. Similowski T., Yan S., Gauthier A.P., Macklem P.T., Bellemare F. Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperin?ation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991; 325: 917–923.

49. Orozco0Levi M., Gea J., Lloreta J.L. et al. Subcellular adaptation of the human diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 13: 371–378.

50. Doucet M., Debigare R., Joanisse D.R., Cote C. et al. Adaptation of the diaphragm and the vastus lateralis in mild-to-moderate COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 24: 971–979.

51. Decramer M., Demedts M., Rochette F., Billiet L. Maximal transrespira-tory pressures in obstructive lung disease. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 1980; 16: 479–490.

52. Rochester D.F., Braun N.M. Determinants of maximal inspiratory pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985; 132: 42–47.

53. Perez T., Becquart L.A., Stach B., Wallaert B., Tonnel A.B. Inspiratory muscle strength and endurance in steroiddependent asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 153: 610–615.

54. Polkey M.I., Kyroussis D., Hamnegard C.H. et al. Diaphragm strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154: 1310–1317.

55. Begin P., Grassino A. Inspiratory muscle dysfunction and chronic hypercapnia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 143: 905–912.

56. Killian K.J., Jones N.L. Respiratory muscles and dyspnea. Clin. Chest Med. 1988; 9: 237–248.

57. Hamilton A.L., Killian K.J., Summers E., Jones N.L. Muscle strength, symptom intensity, and exercise capacity in patients with cardiorespiratory disorders. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152: 2021–2031.

58. Heijdra Y.F., Dekhuijzen P.N., van Herwaarden C.L., Folgering H.T. Nocturnal saturation improves by target-flow inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 153: 260–265.

59. O’Donnell D.E., Bertley J.C., Chau L.K., Webb K.A. Qualitative aspects of exertional breathlessness in chronic airflow limitation: pathophysiologic mechanisms. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 155: 109–115.

60. Sheel A.W., Derchak P.A., Pegelow D.F., Dempsey J.A. Threshold effects of respiratory muscle work on limb vascular resistance. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2002; 282: H1732–H1738.

61. Sala E., Roca J., Marrades R.M., Alonso J. et al. Effects of endurance training on skeletal muscle bioenergetics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: 1726–1734.

62. Bernard S., Whittom F., LeBlanc P. et al. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159:896–900.

63. Maltais F., LeBlanc P., Simard C. et al. Skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154: 442–447.

64. Puhan M.A., Scharplatz M., Troosters T., Steurer J. Respiratory rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD may reduce risk for readmission and mortality: a systematic review. Respir. Res. 2005; 6: 54.

65. Emery C.F., Leatherman N.E., Burker E.J., MacIntyre N.R. Psychological outcomes of a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Chest 1991; 100: 613–617.

66. Emery C.F., Schein R.L., Hauck E.R., MacIntyre N.R. Psychological and cognitive outcomes of a randomized trial of exercise among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hlth. Psychol. 1998; 17: 232–240.

67. O’Donnell D.E., McGuire M., Samis L., Webb K.A. The impact of exercise reconditioning on breathlessness in severe chronic air?ow limitation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152: 2005–2013.

68. Whittom F., Jobin J., Simard P.M. et al. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1998; 30: 1467–1474.

69. American Thoracic Society / American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 167: 211–277.

70. Green R.H., Singh S.J., Williams J., Morgan M.D. A randomized controlled trial of four weeks versus seven weeks of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2001; 56:143–145.

71. Plankeel J.F., McMullen B., MacIntyre N.R. Exercise out comes after pulmonary rehabilitation depend on the initial mechanisms of exercise limitation among non-oxygendependent COPD patients. Chest 2005; 127: 110–116.

72. Rossi G., Florini F., Romagnoli M. et al. Length and clinical effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in outpatients with chronic airway obstruction. Chest 2005; 127: 105–109.

73. Fuchs0Climent D., LeGallais D., Varray A. et al. Quality of life and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects of a short and intensive inpatient rehabilitation program. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1999; 78: 330–335.

74. Salman G.F., Mosier M.C., Beasley B.W., Calkins D.R. Rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2003; 18: 213–221.

75. World Health Organization. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003.

76. Lacasse Y., Brosseau L., Milne S. et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2002; 3: CD003793.

77. Ringbaek T.J., Broendum E., Hemmingsen L. et al. Rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: exercise twice a week is not sufficient! Respir.Med. 2000; 94: 150–154.

78. Puente0Maestu L., Sanz M.L., Sanz P. et al. Comparison of effects of supervised versus self-monitored training programs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 15: 517–525.

79. Vogiatzis I., Nanas S., Roussos C. Interval training as an alternative modality to continuous exercise in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 20: 12–19.

80. Engstrom C.P., Persson L.O., Larsson S., Sullivan M. Longterm effects of a pulmonary rehabilitation programme in out patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled study. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. 1999; 31: 207–213.

81. Clark C.J., Cochrane L., Mackay E. Low intensity peripheral muscle conditioning improves exercise tolerance and breathlessness in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 1996; 9: 2590–2596.

82. Normandin E.A., McCusker C., Connors M., Vale F., Gerardi D., Zu Wallack R.L. An evaluation of two approaches to exercise conditioning in pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest 2002; 121: 1085–1091.

83. Vallet G., Ahmaidi S., Serres I. et al. Comparison of two training programmes in chronic airway limitation patients: standardized versus in dividualized protocols. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 114–122.

84. Punzal P.A., Ries A.L., Kaplan R.W., Prewitt L.M. Maximum intensity exercise training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1991; 100: 618–623.

85. Horowitz M.B., Littenberg B., Mahler D.A. Dyspnea ratings for prescribing exercise intensity in patients with COPD. Chest 1996; 109: 1169–1175.

86. Chida M., Inase N., Ichioka M., Miyazato I., Marumo F. Ratings of perceived exertion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a possible indicator for exercise training in patients with this disease. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1991; 62: 390–393.

87. Mahler D.A., Ward J.,Mejia0Alfaro R. Stability of dyspnea ratings after exercise training in patients with COPD. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2003; 35: 1083–1087.

88. Lake F.R., Henderson K., Briffa T. et al. Upper-limb and lower-limb exercise training in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Chest 1990; 97: 1077–1082.

89. Couser J.I. Jr., Martinez F.J., Celli B.R. Pulmonary rehabilitation that includes arm exercise reduces metabolic and ventilatory requirements for simple arm elevation. Chest 1993; 103: 37–41.

90. Epstein S.K., Celli B.R., Martinez F.J. et al. Arm training reduces the VO2 and VE cost of unsupported arm exercise and elevation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 1997; 17: 171–177.

91. Casaburi R., Porszasz J., Burns M.R. et al. Physiologic benefits of exercise training in rehabilitation of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 155: 1541–1551.

92. O’Donnell D.E., McGuire M., Samis L., Webb K.A. General exercise training improves ventilatory and peripheral muscle strength and endurance in chronic airflow limitation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 1998; 157: 1489–1497.

93. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1998; 30: 992–1008.

94. Coppoolse R., Schols A.M., Baarends E.M. et al. Interval versus continuous training in patients with severe COPD: a randomized clinical trial. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 14: 258–263.

95. Gosselink R., Troosters T., Decramer M. Effects of exerciset raining in COPD patients: interval versus endurance training. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 12: 2S.

96. Simpson K., Killian K., McCartney N., Stubbing D.G., Jones N.L. Randomised controlled trial of weightlifting exercise in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Thorax 1992; 47: 70–77.

97. Bernard S., Whittom F., LeBlanc P. et al. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: 896–901.

98. Spruit M.A., Gosselink R., Troosters T. et al. Resistance versus endurance training in patients with COPD and skeletal muscle weakness. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 1072–1078.

99. Ortega F., Toral J., Cejudo P. et al. Comparison of effects of strength and endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 669–674.

100. Clark C.J., Cochrane L.M., Mackay E., Paton B. Skeletal muscle strength and endurance in patients with mild COPD and the effects of weight training. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 15: 92–97.

101. O’Shea S.D., Taylor N.F., Paratz J. Peripheral muscle strength training in COPD: a systematic review. Chest 2004; 126: 903–914.

102. Crapo R.O., Casaburi R., Coates A.L. et al. Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge. Official Statement of the American Thoracic Society. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 161: 309–329.

103. Moorcroft A.J., Dodd M.E., Webb A.K. Exercise limitations and training for patients with cystic fibrosis. Disabil. Rehabil. 1998; 20: 247–253.

104. Gulmans V.A.M., de Meer K., Brackel H.J.L. et al. Outpatient exercise training in children with cystic fibrosis: physiological effects, perceived competence and acceptability. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 1999; 28: 39–46.

105. Heijerman H.G.M. Chronic obstructive lung disease and respiratory muscle function: the role of nutrition and exercise training in cystic ?brosis. Respir. Med. 1993; 87: 49–51.

106. Orenstein D.M., Noyes B.E. Cystic fibrosis. In: Casaburi R., Petty T., eds. Principles and practice of pulmonary rehabilitation. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1993; 439–458.

107. Murphy S. Cystic fibrosis in adults: diagnosis and management. Clin. Chest Med. 1987; 8: 695–710.

108. Boas S.R. Exercise recommendations for individuals with cystic fibrosis. Sports Med. 1997; 1: 17–37.

109. Newall C., Stockley R.A., Hill S.L. Exercise training and inspiratory muscle training in patients with bronchiectasis. Thorax 2005; 60: 943–948.

110. Bach J.R. Pulmonary rehabilitation in neuromuscular disorders. Neurology 1993; 14: 515–529.

111. Casaburi R., Kukafka D., Cooper D.B., Kesten S. Improvement in exercise endurance with the combination of tiotropium and rehabilitative exercise training in COPD patients [abstract]. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 169: A756.

112. Belman M.J., Botnick W.C., Shin J.W. Inhaled bronchodilators reduce dynamic hyperinflation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 153: 967–975.

113. O’Donnell D.E., Lam M., Webb K.A. Measurement of symptoms, lung hyperinflation, and endurance during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 158: 1557–1565.

114. O’Donnell D.E., Lam M., Webb K.A. Spirometric correlates of improvement in exercise performance after anticholinergic therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 160: 542–549.

115. O’Donnell D.E., Voduc N., Fitzpatrick M., Webb K.A. Effect of salmeterol on the ventilatory response to exercise in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 24: 86–94.

116. Gandevia S.C. The perception of motor commands or effort during muscular paralysis. Brain1982; 105: 151–159.

117. Casaburi R., Kukafka D., Cooper C.B. et al. Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest 2005; 127: 809–817.

118. Garrod R., Paul E.A., Wedzicha J.A. Supplemental oxygen during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD with exercise hypoxaemia. Thorax 2000; 55: 539–543.

119. Rooyackers J.M., Dekhuijzen P.N., van Herwaarden C.L., Folgering H.T. Training with supplemental oxygen in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia at peak exercise. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 1278–1284.

120. Wadell K., Henriksson0Larsen K., Lundgren R. Physical training with and without oxygen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exercise-induced hypoxaemia. J. Rehabil. Med. 2001; 33: 200–205.

121. McDonald C.F., Blyth C.M., Lazarus M.D. et al. Exertional oxygen of limited benefit in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild hypoxemia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152: 1616–1619.

122. Jolly E.C., Di B.V., Aguirre L. et al. Effects of supplemental oxygen during activity in patients with advanced COPD without severe resting hypoxemia. Chest 2001; 120: 437–443.

123. Ambrosino N., Strambi S. New strategies to improve exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 24: 313–322.

124. O’Donnell D.E., Sanii R., Giesbrecht G., Younes M. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on respiratory sensation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during submaximal exercise. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 138: 1185–1191.

125. O’Donnell D.E., Sanii R., Younes M. Improvement in exercise endurance in patients with chronic airflow limitation using continuous positive airway pressure. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 138: 1510–1514.

126. Petrof B.J., Calderini E., Gottfried S.B. Effect of CPAP on respiratory effort and dyspnea during exercise in severe COPD. J. Appl. Physiol. 1990; 69: 179–188.

127. Keilty S.E., Ponte J., Fleming T.A., Moxham J. Effect of inspiratory pressure support on exercise tolerance and breathlessness in patients with severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1994; 49: 990–994.

128. Maltais F., Reissmann H., Gottfried S.B. Pressure support reduces inspiratory effort and dyspnea during exercise in chronic airflow obstruction. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 151:1027–1033.

129. Polkey M.I., Kyroussis D., Mills G.H. et al. Inspiratory pressure support reduces slowing of inspiratory muscle relaxation rate during exhaustive tread mil lwalking in severe COPD. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154: 1146–1150.

130. Hawkins P., Johnson L.C., Nikoletou D. et al. Proportional assist ventilation as an aid to exercise training in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002; 57: 853–859.

131. Bianchi L., Foglio K., Porta R. et al. Lack of additional effect of adjunct of assisted ventilation to pulmonary rehabilitation in mild COPD patients. Respir. Med. 2002; 96: 359–367.

132. Johnson J.E., Gavin D.J., Adams0Dramiga S. Effect of training with Heliox and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on exercise ability in patients with severe COPD. Chest 2002; 122: 464–472.

133. Garrod R., Mikelsons C., Paul E.A., Wedzicha J.A. Randomized controlled trial of domiciliary noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and physical training in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 162: 1335–1341.

134. Larson J.L., Kim M.J., Sharp J.T., Larson D.A. Inspiratory muscle training with a pressure threshold breathing device in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 138: 689–696.

135. Lisboa C., Villafranca C., Leiva A. et al. Inspiratory muscle training in chronic air flow limitation: effect on exercise performance. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 537–542.

136. Dekhuijzen P.N., Folgering H.T., van Herwaarden C.L. Target-flow inspiratory muscle training during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest 1991; 99: 128–133.

137. Wanke T., Formanek D., Lahrmann H. et al. Effects of combined inspiratory muscle and cycle ergometer training on exercise performance in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 2205–2211.

138. Lotters F., Van Tol B., Kwakkel G., Gosselink R. Effects of controlled inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD: a meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 20: 570–576.

139. Belman M.J., Shadmehr R. Targeted resistive ventilatory muscle training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Appl. Physiol. 1988; 65: 2726–2735.

140. Nickerson B.G., Keens T.G. Measuring ventilatory muscle endurance in humans as sustainable inspiratory pressure. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982; 52: 768–772.

141. Gosselink R., Wagenaar R.C., Decramer M. Reliability of a commercially available threshold loading device in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1996; 51: 601–605.

142. Leith D.E., Bradley M. Ventilatory muscle strength and endurance training. J. Appl. Physiol. 1976; 41: 508–516.

143. Scherer T.A., Spengler C.M., Owassapian D. et al. Respiratory muscle endurance training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact on exercise capacity, dyspnea, and quality of life. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 162: 1709–1714.

144. Boutellier U., Piwko P. The respiratory system as an exercise limiting factor in normal sedentary subjects. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1992; 64: 145–152.

145. Neder J.A., Sword D., Ward S.A. et al. Home based neuromuscular electrical stimulation as a new rehabilitative strategy for severely disabled patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thorax 2002; 57: 333–337.

146. Bourjeily0Habr G., Rochester C., Palermo F. et al. Randomised controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical muscle stimulation of the lower extremities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002; 57: 1045–1049.

147. Zanotti E., Felicetti G., Maini M., Fracchia C. Peripheral muscle strength training in bed-bound patients with COPD receiving mechanical ventilation: effect of electrical stimulation. Chest 2003; 124: 292–296.

148. Engelen M.P.K.J., Schols A.M.W.J., Baken W.C., Wesseling G.J., Wouters E.F. Nutritional depletion in relation to respiratory and peripheral skeletal muscle function in outpatients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7:1793–1797.

149. De Benedetto F., Del Ponte A., Marinari S., Spacone A. In COPD patients, body weight excess can mask lean tissue depletion: a simple method of estimation. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 2000; 55: 273–278.

150. Openbrier D.R., Irwin M.M., Rogers R.M., Gottlieb G.P. et al. Nutritional status and lung function in patients with emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Chest 1983; 83: 17–22.

151. Braun S.R., Keim N.L., Dixon R.M. et al. The prevalence and determinants of nutritional changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1984; 86: 558–563.

152. Fiaccadori E., Del Canale S., Coffrini E. et al. Hypercapnic-hypoxemic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): influence of severity of COPD on nutritional status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988; 48: 680–685.

153. Schols A.M.W.J., Soeters P.B., Dingemans A.M.C. et al. Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 147: 1151–1156.

154. Baarends E.M., Schols A.M., Mostert R., Wouters E.F. Peak exercise response in relation to tissue depletion in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 2807–2813.

155. Schols A.M.W.J., Fredrix E.W., Soeters P.B., Westerterp K.R., Wouters E.F.M. Resting energy expenditure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991; 5: 983–987.

156. Engelen M.P.K.J., Schols A.M.W.J., Heidendal G.A.K., Wouters E.F.M. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the clinical evaluation of body composition and bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998; 68: 1298–1303.

157. Hughes R.L., Katz H., Sahgal V. et al. Fibersize and energy metabolites in five separate muscles from patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases. Respiration (Herrlisheim) 1983; 44: 321–328.

158. Gosker H.R., Engelen M.P., van Mameren H. et al. Muscle fiber type IIX atrophy is involved in the loss of fat-free mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002; 76: 113–119.

159. VanItallie T.B., Yang M.U., Heymsfeld S.B. et al. Heightnormalized in dices of the body’s fat-free mass and fat mass: potentially useful indicators of nutritional status. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990; 52: 953–959.

160. Schols A.M., Soeters P.B., Dingemans A.M.C. et al. Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 147: 1151–1156.

161. Steiner M.C., Barton R.L., Singh S.J., Morgan M.D. Bedside methods versus dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for body composition measurementin COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 626–631.

162. Engelen M.P.K.J., Schols A.M.W.J. et al. Nutritional depletion in relation to respiratory and peripheral skeletal muscle function in outpatients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 1793–1797.

163. Mostert R., Goris A., Weling0Scheepers C. et al. Tissue depletion and health related quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 2000; 94: 859–867.

164. Baarends E.M., Schols A.M., Mostert R., Wouters E.F. Peak exercise response in relation to tissue depletion in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 2807–2813.

165. Kobayashi A., Yoneda T., Yoshikawa M. et al. The relation of fat-free mass to maximum exercise performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lung 2000; 178: 119–127.

166. Engelen M.P., Deutz N.E., Wouters E.F., Schols A.M. Enhanced levels of whole-body protein turn over in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 162: 1488–1492.

167. Nishimura Y., Tsutsumi M., Nakata H., Tsunenari T. et al. Relationship between respiratory muscle strength and lean body mass in men with COPD. Chest 1995; 107: 1232–1236.

168. Schols A.M., Soeters P.B., Mostert R. et al. Physiologic effects of nutritional support and anabolic steroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152: 1268–1274.

169. Gosselink R., Troosters T., Decramer M. Distribution of muscle weakness in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 2000; 20: 353–360.

170. Polkey M.I., Kyroussis D., Hamnegard C.H. et al. Diaphragm strength in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154: 1310–1317.

171. Shoup R., Dalsky G., Warner S. et al. Body composition and health-related quality of life in patients with obstructive airways disease. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 1576–1580.

172. Schols A.M., Slangen J., Volovics L., Wouters E.F. Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 1998; 157: 1791–1797.

173. Wilson D.O., Rogers R.M., Wright E.C., Anthonisen N.R. Body weight in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The National Institutes of Health Intermittent PositivePressure Breathing Trial. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 139: 1435–1438.

174. Landbo C., Prescott E., Lange P. et al. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 160: 1856–1861.

175. Prescott E., Almdal T., Mikkelsen K.L. et al. Prognostic value of weight change in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 20: 539–544.

176. Marquis K., Debigare R., Lacasse Y. et al. Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 2002; 166: 809–813.

177. Schols A.M., Buurman W.A., Staalvanden Brekel A.J. et al. Evidence for a relation between metabolic derangements and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in a subgroup of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1996; 51: 819–824.

178. Nguyen L.T., Bedu M., Caillaud D. et al. Increased resting energy expenditure is related to plasma TNF-alpha concentration in stable COPD patients. Clin. Nutr. 1999; 18: 269–274.

179. Creutzberg E.C., Schols A.M., Bothmer0Quaedvlieg F.C., Wouters E.F. Prevalence of an elevated resting energy expenditure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in relation to body composition and lung function. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998; 52: 396–401.

180. Steiner M.C., Barton R.L., Singh S.J., Morgan M.D. Nutritional enhancement of exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Thorax 2003; 58: 745–751.

181. Efthimiou J., Fleming J., Gomes C., Spiro S.G. The effect of supplementary oral nutrition in poorly nourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 137: 1075–1082.

182. Whittaker J.S., Ryan C.F., Buckley P.A., Road J.D. The effects of refeeding on peripheral and respiratory muscle function in malnourished chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990; 142: 283–288.

183. Rogers R.M., Donahoe M., Costantino J. Physiologic effects of oral supplemental feeding in malnourished patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized control study. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 146: 1511–1517.

184. FerreiraI M., Brooks D., Lacasse Y., Goldstein R.S. Nutritional support for individuals with COPD: a metaanalysis. Chest 2000; 117: 672–678.

185. Goris A.H., Vermeeren M.A., Wouters E.F. et al. Energy balance in depleted ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the effect of physical activity and oral nutritional supplementation. Br. J. Nutr. 2003; 89: 725–731.

186. Creutzberg E.C., Schols A.M., Weling Scheepers C.A. et al. Characterization of nonresponse to high caloric oral nutritional therapy in depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 2000; 161: 745–752.

187. Vermeeren M.A., Wouters E.F., Nelissen L.H. et al. Acute effects of different nutritional supplements on symptoms and functional capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001; 73: 295–301.

188. Creutzberg E.C., Wouters E.F., Mostert R. et al. Efficacy of nutritional supplement at ion therapy in depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nutrition 2003; 19: 120–127.

189. Franssen F.M., Broekhuizen R., Janssen P.P. et al. Effects of whole-body exercise training on body composition and functional capacity in normal-weight patients with COPD. Chest 2004; 125: 2021–2028.

190. Bernard S., Whittom F., Leblanc P., Jobin J. et. al. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: 896–901.

191. Meredith C.N., Frontera W.R., O’Reilly K.P., Evans W.J. Body composition in elderly men: effect of dietary modification during strength training. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1992; 40: 155–162.

192. Yeh S.S., De Guzman B., Kramer T. Reversal of COPDassociated weight loss using the anabolic agent oxandrolone. Chest 2002; 122: 421–428.

193. Schols A.M., Soeters P.B., Mostert R. et al. Physiologic effects of nutritional support and anabolic steroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152: 1268–1274.

194. Casaburi R., Bhasin S., Cosentino L. et al. Effects of testosterone and resistance training in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 170: 870–878.

195. Burdet L., de Muralt B., Schutz Y. et al. Administration of growth hormone to underweight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 156: 1800–1806.

196. Weisberg J., Wanger J., Olson J. et al. Megestrol acetate stimulates weight gain and ventilation in under-weight COPD patients. Chest 2002; 121:1070–1078.

197. Koenig S.M. Pulmonary complications of obesity. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2001; 321: 249–279.

198. Fontaine K.R., Barofsky I. Obesity and health-related quality of life. Obes. Rev. 2001; 2: 173–182.

199. Larsson U.E., Mattsson E. Perceived disability and observed functional limitations in obese women. Int. J. Obes. Rel. Metab. Disord. 2001; 259: 1705–1712.

200. Lean M.E., Han T.S., Seidell J.C. Impairment of health and quality of life using new US federal guidelines for the identification of obesity. Arch. Intern. Med. 1999; 159: 837–843.

201. Mohsenin V., Gee J.B.L. Effect of obesity on the respiratory system and pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Curr. Pulm. 1993; 14: 179–197.

202. Strollo P.J., Rogers R.M. Obstructive sleep apnea. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 334: 99–104.

203. Whittaker L.A., Brodeur L.E., Rochester C.L. Functional outcome of inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with morbid obesity (abs.). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 161: A495

204. Guernelli J., Wainapel S.F., Pack S., Miranda Lama E. Morbidly obese patients with pulmonary disease: a retrospective study of fourcases. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1999; 78: 60–65.

205. Ravens0Sieberer U., Redegeld Z.M., Bullinger M. Quality of life after inpatient rehabilitation in children with obesity. Int. J. Obes. Rel. Metab. Disord. 2001; 25: S63–S65.

206. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease workshop report: updated 2003. http://www.goldcopd.com (accessed July 2003).

207. American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society. Standards for the diagnosis and management of patients with COPD. http://www.thoracic.org/copd (accessed 2004).

208. Lareau S.C., Insel K.C. Patient and family education. In: Hodgkin J.R., Celli B.R., Connors G.L. Pulmonary rehabilitation, 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2000.

209. Bodenheimer T., Lorig K., Holman H., Grumbach K. Patient self-management of chronic disease in primary care. J. A. M. A. 2002; 288: 2469–2475.

210. Bourbeau J., Nault D., Dang0Tan T. Self-management and behaviour modification in COPD. Patient Educ. Couns 2004; 53: 271–277.

211. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol. Rev. 1977; 84: 191–215.

212. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Guideline No 12. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2004; 59: 131.

213. Donaldson G.C., Seemungal T.A., Bhowmik A., Wedzicha J.A. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002; 57: 847–852.

214. Spruit M.A., Gosselink R., Troosters T. et al. Muscle force during an acute exacerbation in hospitalized patients with COPD and its relationship with CXCL8 and IGF-I. Thorax 2003; 59: 741–742.

215. Seemungal T.A., Donaldson G.C., Paul E.A. et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 157: 1418–1422.

216. Andersson F., Borg S., Jansson S.A. et al. The costs of exacerbation sinchronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 2002; 96: 700–708.

217. Price M.J., Hurrell C., Efthimiou J., Medley H.V. Health care costs of treating exacerbations of COPD. Eur. Respir.J. 1999; 14: 380s.

218. Connors A.F.Jr., Dawson N.V., Thomas C. et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154: 959–967.

219. Wilkinson T., Donaldson G., Hurst J. et al. Early therapy improves outcomes of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 169: 1298–1303.

220. Bourbeau J., Julien M., Maltais F. et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease axis of the Respiratory Network Fonds de la Recherche en Santedu Quebec. Reduction of hospital utilization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003; 163: 585–591.

221. Hefner J.E., Fahy B., Hilling L. Attitudes regarding advance directives among patients in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154: 1735–1740.

222. Heffner J.E. Role of pulmonary rehabilitation in palliative care. Respir. Care 2000; 45: 1371–1375.

223. Gosselink R. Controlled breathing and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2003; 40: 25–34.

224. Bianchi R., Gigliotti F., Romagnoli I. et al. Chest wall kinematics and breathlessness during pursed-lip breathing in patients with COPD. Chest 2004; 125: 459–465.

225. Gosselink R., Wagenaar H., Rijswijk A. et al. Diaphragmatic breathing reduces efficiency of breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 151: 1136–1142.

226. Vitacca M., Clini E., Bianchi L., Ambrosino N. Acute effects of deep diaphragmatic breathing in COPD patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 11: 408–415.

227. Sharp J.T., Druz W.S., Moisan T. et al. Postural relief of dyspnea in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1980; 122: 201–211.

228. Solway S., Brooks D., Lau L., Goldstein R. The short-term effect of a rollator on functional exercise capacity among individuals with severe COPD. Chest 2002; 122: 56–65.

229. Probst V.S., Troosters T., Coosemans I. et al. Mechanisms of improvement in exercise capacity using a rollator in patients with COPD. Chest 2004; 126: 1102–1107.

230. Lareau S., Larson J.L. Ineffective breathing pattern related to airflow limitation. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 1987; 22: 179–191.

231. Jones A.P., Rowe B.H. Bronchopulmonary hygiene physical therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2000; 2: CD000045.

232. Bellone A., Spagnolatti L., MassobrioM. et al. Short-term effects of expiration under positive pressure in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mild acidosis requiring non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 2002; 28: 581–585.

233. van der Shans C., Prasad A., Main C. Chest physiotherapy compared to nochest physiotherapy in cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2000; 2: CD001401.

234. Monninkhof E., vander Valk P., vander Palen J. et al. Effects of a comprehensive self-management programme in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 22: 815–820.

235. World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Annex 2003; 1: 143.

236. McAuley E., Lox C., Duncan T.E. Long-term maintenance of exercise, self-efficacy, and physiological change in older adults. J. Gerontol. Psych. Sci. 1993; 48: 218–224.

237. Brassington G.S., Atienza A.A., Perczek R.E. et al. Intervention-related cognitive versus social mediators of exercise adherence in the elderly. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2002; 23: 80–86.

238. Jette A.M., Rooks D., Lachman M. et al. Home-based resistance training: predictors of participation and adherence. Gerontologist 1998; 38: 412–421.

239. Rhodes R.E., Martin A.D., Tawnton J.E. et al. Factors associated with exercise adherence among older adults: an individual perpective. Sports Med. 1999; 28: 397–411.

240. Nault D., Dagenais J., Perreault V. et al. Qualitative evaluation of a disease specific self-management program “Living Well withCOPD”. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 16: 317S.

241. Brooks D., Krip B., Mangovski0Alzamora S., Goldstein R.S. The effect of post rehabilitation programmes among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J, 2002; 20: 20–29.

242. Troosters T., Gosselink R., Decramer M. Shortand longterm effects of outpatient rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Am. J. Med. 2000; 109: 207–212.

243. Singer H.K., Ruchinskas R.A., Riley K.C. The psychological impact of end-stage lung disease. Chest 2001; 120: 1246–1252.

244. Dowson C.A., Cuijer R.G., Mulder R.T. Anxiety and selfmanagement behavior in chronic pulmonary disease: what has been learned? Chron. Respir. Dis. 2004; 1: 213–220.

245. Heim E., Blaser A., Waidelich E. Dyspnea: psychophysiologic relationships. Psychosom. Med. 1972; 34: 405–423.

246. McCathie H.C., Spence S.H., Tate R.L. Adjustment to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the importance of psychological factors. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 47–53.

247. MillsT.L. Comorbid depressive symptomatology: isolating the effects of chronic medical conditions on self-reported depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults. Soc. Sci. Med. 2001; 53: 569–578.

248. Yohannes A.M., Baldwin R.C., Connolly M.J. Prevalence of sub-threshold depression in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2003; 18: 412–416.

249. Lacasse Y., Rousseau L., Maltais F. Prevalence of depressive symptoms and depression in patients with severe oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 2001; 21: 80–86.

250. Yohannes A.M., Baldwin R.C., Connolly M.J. Mood disorders in elderly patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Rev. Clin. Gerontol. 2000; 10: 193–202.

251. Emery C.F., Hauck E.R., MacIntyre N.R., Leatherman N.E. Psychological functioning among middle-aged and older adult pulmonary patients in exercise rehabilitation. Phys. Occup. Ther. Geriatr. 1994; 12: 13–26.

252. Emery C.F., Schein R.L., Hauck E.R., MacIntyre N.R. Psychological and cognitive outcomes of a randomized trial of exercise among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hlth. Psychol. 1998; 17: 232–240.

253. Farkas S.W. Impact of chronic illness on the patient’s spouse. Hlth. Soc. Work 1980; 5: 39–46.

254. Zigmond A.S., Snaith R.P. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1983; 67: 361–370.

255. Beck A.T., Ward C.H., Mendelson M. et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1961; 4 (56): 1–571.

256. Emery C.F. Psychosocial considerations among pulmonary patients. In: Hodgkin J.E., Connors G.L., Bell C.W., eds. Pulmonary rehabilitation: guidelines to success, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1993. 279–292.

257. Kim H.F., Kunik M.E., Molinari V.A. et al. Functional impairment in COPD patients: the impact of anxiety and depression. Psychosomatics 2000; 41: 465–471.

258. Stockdale0Woolley R. Sex and COPD. East Hartford, CT: American Lung Association of Connecticut; 2002.

259. McKone E.F., Bary S.C., Fitzgerald M.X., Gallagher C.G. The role of supplemental oxygen during submaximal exercise in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 20: 134–142.

260. Emter M., Herala M., Stalenheim G. High-intensity physical training in adults with asthma: a 10-week rehabilitation program. Chest 1996; 109: 323–330.

261. Cochrane L.M., Clark C.J. Benefits and problems of a physical training program for asthmatic patients. Thorax 1990; 45: 345–351.

262. Cambach W., Wagenaar R.C., Koelman T.W. et al. The long-term effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a research synthesis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1999; 80: 103–111.

263. Emter M., Finne M., Stalenheim G. High-intensity physical training in adults with asthma. A comparison between training on land and in water. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. 1998; 30: 201–209.

264. Bradley J., Moran F., Greenstone M. Physical training for bronchiectasis. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2002; 3: CD002166.

265. Foster S., Thomas H.M. Pulmonary rehabilitation in lung disease other than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990; 141: 601–604.

266. Novitch R.S., Thomas H.M. Pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic pulmonary interstitial disease. In: Fishman A.P., ed. Pulmonary rehabilitation: lung biology in health and disease. Vol. 91. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1996. 683–700.

267. Siegler E.L., Stineman M.G., Maislin G. Development of complications during rehabilitation. Arch. Intern. Med. 1994; 145: 2185–2190.

268. Hill N.S., Lynch J.P. Pulmonary complications of neuromuscular diseases. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med 2002; 23: 189–314.

269. Martinez T.Y., Pereira C.A., dos Santos M.L. et al. Evaluation of the short-form 36-item questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2000; 17: 1627–1632.

270. Strauss G.D., Osher A., Wang C.I. et al. Variable weight training in cystic fibrosis. Chest 1987; 92: 273–276.

271. Kinsman R.A., Fernandez E., Schocket M. et al. Multidimensional analysis of the symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. J. Behav. Med. 1983; 6: 339–357.

272. Guyatt G.H., Townsend M., Berman L.B., Pugsley S.O. Quality of life in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Br. J. Dis. Chest 1987; 81: 45–54.

273. Breslin E., vander Schans C., Breukink S. et al. Perception of fatigue and quality of life in patients with COPD. Chest 1998; 114: 958–964.

274. Meek P.M., Lareau S.C., Anderson D. Memory for symptoms in COPD patients: how accurate are their reports? Heart Lung 2001; 18: 474–481.

275. Meek P.M., Lareau S.C. Critical outcomes in pulmonary rehabilitation: assessment and evaluation of dyspnea and fatigue. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2003;40:13–24.

276. American Thoracic Society. Dyspnea: mechanisms, assessment and management: a consensus statement. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: 321–340.

277. Mahler D., ed. Lung biology in health and disease: dyspnea. Vol. 111. New York: Marcel Decker; 1998.

278. Zu Wallack R., Lareau S., Meek P. The effect of pulmonary rehabilitation on dyspnea. In: Mahler D., ed. Lung biology in health and disease: dyspnea. New York: Marcel Decker; 2004.

279. Borg G.A. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1982; 14: 377–381.

280. Hayes M., Patterson D. Experimental development of the graphic rating method. Psychol. Bull.1921; 18: 98–99.

281. Birring S.S., Prudon B., Carr A.J., Singh S.J., Morgan M.D.L., Pavord I.D. Development of a symptom specific health status measure for patients with chronic cough: Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ). Thorax 2003; 58: 339–343.

282. French C.T., Irwin R.S., Fletcher K.E., Adams T.M. Evaluation of a cough-specific quality of life questionnaire. Chest 2002; 121: 1123–1131.

283. Lareau S.C., Meek P.M., Roos P.J. Development and testing of a modified version of the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Question-naire (PFSDQ-M). Heart Lung 1998; 27: 159–168.

284. Steele B.G., Belza B., Cain K. et al. Bodies in motion: monitoring daily activity and exercise with motion sensors in people with chronic pulmonary disease. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 2003; 40: 45–58.

285. Steele B.G., Holt L., Belza B. et al. Quantitating physical activity in COPD using a triaxial accelerometer. Chest 2000; 117: 1359–1367.

286. Pitta F., Troosters T., Spruit M.A. et al. Validation of a triaxial accelerometer to assess various activities in COPD patients (abs.). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 169: A594.

287. McGavin C.R., Gupta S.P., McHardy G.J. Twelve-minute walking test for assessing disability in chronic bronchitis. Brit. Med. J. 1976; 1: 822–823.

288. Butland R.J., Pang J., Gross E.R. et al. Two-, six-, and 12minute walking tests in respiratory disease. Brit. Med. J. 1982; 284: 1607–1608.

289. Larson J.L., Covey M.K., Vitalo C.A. et al. Reliability and validity of the 12-minute distance walk in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurs. Res. 1996; 45: 203–210.

290. American Thoracic Society Statement. Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 111–117.

291. Singh S.J., Morgan M.D., Scott S. et al. Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronic airways obstruction. Thorax 1992; 47: 1019–1024.

292. Singh S.J., Morgan M.D., Hardman A.E. et al. Comparison of oxygen uptake during a conventional treadmill test and the shuttle walking test chronic airflow obstruction. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 2016–2020.

293. Elpern E.H., Stevens D., Kesten S. Variability in performance of timed walk tests in pulmonary rehabilitation programs. Chest 2000; 118: 98–105.

294. Steele B. Timed walking tests of exercise capacity in chronic cardiopulmonary illness. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 1996; 16: 25–33.

295. Sciurba F., Criner G.J., Lee S.M. et al. Six-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 167: 1522–1527.

296. Guyatt G.H., Puglsey S.O., Sullivan M.J. et al. Effect of encouragement on walking test performance. Thorax 1984; 39: 818–822.

297. Carr A.J., Gibson B., Robinson P.G. Measuring quality of life: is quality of life determined by expectations or experience? Brit. Med. J. 2001; 322: 1240–1243.

298. Curtis J.R., Deyo R., Hudson L.D. Health-related quality of life among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1994; 49: 162–170.

299. Aaron S.D., Vandemheen K.L., Clinch J.J. et al. Measurement of short-term changes in dyspnea and disease — specific quality of life following an acute COPD exacerbation. Chest 2002; 121: 688–696.

300. Bergner M., Bobbitt R.A., Carter W.B., Gilson B.S. The Sickness Impact Profile: development and final revision of a health status measure. Med. Care 1981; 19: 787–805.

301. Ware J.E., Snow K.K., Kosinski M.A. SF-36 health survey manual and interpretation guide. Boston, M.A.: N. Engl. Med. Center; 1993.

302. Guyatt G.H., Berman L.B., Townsend M. et al. A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease. Thorax 1987; 42: 773–778.

303. Jones P.W., Quirk F.H., Baveystock C.M., Littlejohns P. A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airfiow limitation: the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 145: 1321–1327.

304. Guyatt G.H., King D.R., Feeny D.H. et al. Generic and specific measurement of health-related quality of life in a clinical trial of respiratory rehabilitation. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1999; 52: 187–192.

305. Goldstein R.S., Gort E.H., Stubbing D. et al. Randomised controlled trial of respiratory rehabilitation. Lancet 1994; 344: 1394–1397.

306. Wedzicha J.A., Bestall J.C., Garrod R., Garnham R. et al. Randomized controlled trial of pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, stratified with the MRC dyspnoea scale. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 12: 363–369.

307. Griffiths T.L., Burr M.L., Campbell I. A. et al. Results at 1 year of outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 362–368.

308. Jaeschke R., Singer J., Guyatt G.H. Measurement of health status: ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control. Clin.Trials 1989; 10: 407–415.

309. Jones P.W. Interpreting thresholds for a clinically significant change in health status in asthma and COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 398–404.

310. Williams J.E.A., Singh S.J, Sewell L. et al. Development of a self-reported Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRW-SR). Thorax 2001; 56: 954–959.

311. Schьnemann H.J., Goldstein R., Mador J. et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the self-administered standardized CRQ. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 25: 31–40.

312. Jones P.W., Baveystock C.M., Littlejohns P. Relationships between general health measured with the Sickness Impact Profile and respiratory symptoms, physiological measures and mood in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 140: 1538–1543.

313. Jones P.W. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax 1991; 46: 676–682.

314. Make B., Gilmartin M., Brody J.S., Snider G.L. Rehabilitation of ventilatory dependent subjects with lung disease: the concept and the initial experience. Chest 1984; 86: 358–365.

315. Foster S., Lopez D., Thomas H.M. III Pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD patients with elevated PaCO2. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 138: 1519–1523.

316. Nava S. Rehabilitation of patients admitted to a respiratory intensive care unit. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1998; 79: 849–854.

317. Randal C.J., Martin D.P., Martin T.R. Patient-assessed health outcomes in chronic lung disease: what a rethey, how do they help us, and where do we go from here? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 156: 1032–1039.

318. Crockett A.J., Cranston J.M., Moss J.R., Alpers J.H. The MOSSF-36 health survey questionnaire in severe chronic airflow limitation: comparison with the Nottingham Health Profile. Qual. Life Res. 1996; 5: 330–338.

319. Simonds A.K., Elliot M.W. Outcome of domiciliary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in restrictive and obstructive disorders. Thorax 1995; 50: 604–609.

320. Smith I.E., Shneerson J.M. A progressive care programme for prolonged ventilatory failure: analysis of outcome. Br. J. Anaesth. 1995; 75: 399–404.

321. Wegner R.E., Jorres R.A., Kirsten D.K., Magnussen H. Factor analysis of exercise capacity, dyspnoea ratings and lung function in patients with severe COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 725–729.

322. Meecham Jones D.J., Paul E.A., Jones P.W., Wedzicha J.A. Nasal pressure support ventilation plus oxygen compared with oxygen therapy alone in hypercapnic COPD. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152: 538–544.

323. Okubadejo A.A., Jones P.W., Wedzicha J.A. Quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe hypoxaemia. Thorax 1996; 51:44–47.

324. Perrin C., El Far Y., Vandenbos F. et al. Domiciliary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in severe COPD: effects on lung function and quality of life. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 2835–2839.

325. Carone M., Bertolotti G., Anchisi F. et al. Analysis of factors that characterize health impairment in patients with chronic respiratory failure. Quality of Life in Chronic Respiratory Failure Group. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 13: 1293–1300.

326. Carone M., Bertolotti G., Zotti A.M. et al. Do oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation have different effects on perceived health in chronic respiratory failure? Eur. Respir. J. 1996; 9: 111s.

327. Carone M., Jones P.W., for the QuESS Group. Quality of Life Evaluation and Survival Study: a 3-year prospective multinational study on patients with chronic respiratory failure. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 2001; 56: 17–22.

328. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume — reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348: 2059–2073.

329. Troosters T., Gosselink R., Decramer M. Exercise training in COPD: how to distinguish responders from nonresponders. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 2001; 21: 10–17.

330. Steiner M.C., Barton R.L., Singh S.J., Morgan M.D. Nutritional enhancement of exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Thorax 2003; 58: 745–751.

331. Gosselink R., Troosters T., Decramer M. Distribution of muscle weakness in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 2000; 20: 353–360.

332. British Thoracic Society. Statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax 2001; 56: 827–834.

333. Fishman A., Martinez F., Naunheim K. National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348: 2059–2073.

334. Young P., Dewse M., Fergusson W., Kolbe J. Respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: predictors of nonadherence. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 13: 855–859.

335. Man W.D., Polkey M.I., Donaldson N. et al. Community pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalization for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomized controlled study. Brit. Med. J. 2004; 329: 1209.

336. Behnke M., Jorres R.A., Kirsten D., Magnussen H. Clinical benefits of a combined hospital and home-based exercise programme over 18 months in patients with severe COPD. Monaldi Arch. Chest. Dis. 2003; 59: 44–51.

337. Behnke M., Taube C., Kirsten D. et al. Home-based exercise is capable of preserving hospital-based improvements in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 2000; 94: 1184–1191.

338. Hernandez M.T., Rubio T.M., Ruiz F.O. et al. Results of a home-based training program for patients with COPD. Chest 2000; 118: 106–114.

339. Strijbos J.H., Postma D.S., van Altena R. et al. A comparison between an outpatient hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program and a home-care pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients with COPD: a follow-up of 18 months. Chest 1996; 109: 366–372.

340. California Pulmonary Rehabilitation Collaborative Group. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on dyspnoea, quality of life, and healthcare costs in California. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 2004; 24: 52–62.

341. Ries A.L., Kaplan R.M., Limberg T.M., Prewitt L.M. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 1995; 122: 823–832.

342. Bestall J.C., Paul E.A., Garrod R. et al. Longitudinal trends in exercise capacity and health status after pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Respir. Med. 2003; 97: 173–180.

343. Bestall J.C., Paul E.A., Garrod R. et al. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1999; 54: 581–586.

344. Finnerty J.P., Keeping I., Bullough I., Jones J. The effectiveness of outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2001; 119: 1705–1710.

345. Hui K.P., Hewitt A.B. A simple pulmonary rehabilitation program improves health outcomes and reduces hospital utilization in patients with COPD. Chest 2003; 124: 94–97.

346. Cambach W., Wagenaar R.C., Koelman T.W. et al. The long-term effects of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a research synthesis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1999; 80: 103–111.

347. Guell R., Casan P., Belda J. et al. Long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation of COPD: a randomized trial. Chest 2000; 117: 976–983.

348. Foglio K., Bianchi L., Bruletti G. et al. Long-term effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic airway obstruction. Eur. Respir. J. 1999;13:125–132.

349. Clini E., Foglio K., Bianchi L. et al. In-hospitals hort-term raining program for patients with chronic airway obstruction. Chest 2001; 120: 1500–1505.

350. Criner G.J., Cordova F.C., Furukawa S., Kuzma A.M. et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing bilateral lung volume reduction surgery to pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 160: 2018–2027.

351. Berry M.J., Rejeski W.J., Adair N.E. et al. A randomized, controlled trial comparing long-term and short-terme exrcise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 2003; 23: 60–68.

352. Ries A.L., Kaplan R.M., Myers R., Prewitt L.M. Maintenance after pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 167: 880–888.

353. Foglio K., Bianchi L., Ambrosino N. Is it really useful to repeat outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programs in patients with chronic airway obstruction? A 2-year controlled study. Chest 2001; 119: 1696–1704.

354. Griffiths T.L., Phillips C.J., Davies S. et al. Cost effectiveness of an outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation programme. Thorax 2001; 56: 779–784.

355. Golmohammadi K., Jacobs P., Sin D.D. Economic evaluation of a community-based pulmonary rehabilitation program for COPD. Lung 2004; 182: 187–196.

356. Nishimura K., Izumi T., Tsukino M., Oga T. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 1434–1440.

357. Oga T., Nishimura K., Tsukino M. et al. Analysis of the factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health status. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 167: 544–549.

358. Pinto0Plata V.M., Cote C., Cabral H. et al. The 6-minute walk distance: change over time and value as a predictor of survival in severe COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 1: 28–33.

359. Celli B.R., Cote C.G., Marin J.M. et al. The body mass index, air?ow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 350: 1005–1012.

360. Bernard S., Whittom F., Le Blanc P. et al. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: 896–901.

361. Creutzberg E.C., Wouters E.F., Mostert R. et al. A role for anabolic steroids in the rehabilitation of patients with COPD? A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Chest 2003; 124: 1733–1742.

362. Whittom F., Jobin J., Simard P.M. et al. Histochemical and morphological characteristics of the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1998; 30: 1467–1474.

363. Couillard A., Maltais F., Saey D. et al. Exercise-induced quadriceps oxidative stress and peripheral muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 167: 1664–1669.

364. Richardson R.S., Leek B.T., Gavin T.P. et al. Reduced mechanical efficiency in COPD, but normal peak VO2 with small muscle exercise. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 169: 89–96.

365. Jakobsson P., Jorfeldt L., Brundin A. Skeletal muscle metabolites and fibre types in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with and without chronic respiratory failure. Eur. Respir. J. 1990; 3: 192–196.

366. Maltais F., Sullivan M.J., LeBlanc P. et al. Altered expression of myosin heavy chain in the vastus lateralis muscle in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 13: 850–854.

367. Gosker H.R., Kubat B., Schaart G. et al. Myopathological features in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 22: 280–285.

368. Jakobsson P., Jorfeldt L., Henriksson J. Metabolic enzyme activity in the quadriceps femoris muscle in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 151: 374–377.

369. Sauleda J., Garcia0Palmer F., Wiesner R.J. et al. Cytochrome oxidese activity and mitochondrial gene expression in skeletal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 157: 1413–1417.

370. Jakobsson P., Jorfeldt L., Henriksson J. Metabolic enzyme activity in the quadriceps femoris muscle in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 151: 374–377.

371. Russell A.P., Somm E., Debigare R. et al. COPD results in a reduction in UCP3 long mRNA and UCP3 protein content in types I and IIa skeletal muscle fibers. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 2004; 24: 332–339.

372. Gosker H.R., Schrauwen P., Hesselink M.K. et al. Uncoupling protein-3 content is decreased in peripheral skeletal muscle of patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 22: 88–93.

373. Payen J.F., Wuyam B., Levy P. et al. Muscular metabolism during oxygen supplementation in patients with chronic hypoxemia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1993; 147: 592–598.

374. Rabinovich R.A., Figueras M., Ardite E. et al. Increased TNFalfa plasma levels during moderate intensity exercise in COPD patients. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 21: 789–794.

375. Agusti A.G., Sauleda J., Miralles C. et al. Skeletal muscle apoptosis and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 485–489.

376. Rabinovich R.A., Ardite E., Troosters T. et аl. Reduced muscle redox capacity after endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164: 1114–1118.

377. Engelen M.P., Schols A.M., Does J.D. Altered glutamate metabolism is associated with reduced muscle glutathione levels in patients with emphysema. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Medю. 2000; 161: 98–103.

378. Koechlin C., Couillard A., Simar D. et al. Does oxidative stress alter quadriceps endurance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 169: 1022–1027.

379. Rabinovich R.A., Ardite E., Troosters T. et al. Reduced muscle redox capacity after endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164: 1114–1118.