Пневмония как причина острой дыхательной недостаточности у больных ХОБЛ

1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Diseases (GOLD). Global strategy for diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI / WHO workshop report. Publication Number 2701, April 2001: 1-100. The 2005 report is available on www.goldcopd.com

2. Burge S., Wedzicha J.A. COPD exacerbations: definitions and classifications. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 21 (suppl. 41): 46s-53s.

3. Zielinski J., MacNee W., Wedzicha J. et al. Causes of death in patients with COPD and chronic respiratory failure. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 1997; 52: 43-47.

4. Ball P. Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations Chest 1995; 108 (suppl. 3): 43s-52s.

5. Siafakas N.M., Vermeire P., Pride N.B. et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The European Respiratory Society Task Force. Eur. Respir. J. 1995; 8: 1398-1420.

6. Afessa B., Morales I.J., Scanlon P.D., Peters S.G. Prognostic factors, clinical course, and hospital outcome of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease admitted to an intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 30: 1610-1615.

7. Torres A., Serra-Batlles J., Ferrer A. et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: epidemiology and prognostic factors. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 144: 312-318.

8. Ruiz M., Ewig S., Torres A. et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Risk factors and followup epidemiology. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 160: 923-929.

9. Rieves R.D., Bass D., Carter R.R. et al. Severe COPD and acute respiratory failure: correlates for survival at the time of tracheal intubation. Chest 1993; 104: 854-860.

10. Lieberman D., Lieberman D., Gelfer Y. et al. Pneumonic vs nonpneumonic acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2002; 122: 1264-1270.

11. Anthonisen N.R., Manfreda J., Warren C.P.W. et al. Antibiotic therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 1987; 106: 196-204.

12. Farr B.M., Kaiser D.L., Harrison B.D., Connoly C.K. Prediction of microbial etiology at admission to hospital for pneumonia from presenting clinical features. Thorax 1989; 44: 1031-1035.

13. Murray P.R., Washington J.A. Microscopic and bacteriologic analysis of expectorated sputum. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1975; 50: 339-344.

14. Cabello H., Torres A., Celis R. et al. Bacterial colonization of distal airways in healthy subjects and chronic lung disease: a bronchoscopic study. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 1137-1144.

15. Miravitlles M., Espinosa C., Fernandez-Laso E. et al. Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD. Chest 1999; 116: 40-46.

16. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Philadelphia, PA: NCCLS, 2001. 21 (1).

17. Portier F., Defouilloy C., Muir J.F. Determinants of immediate survival among chronic respiratory insufficiency patients admitted to an intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure. Chest 1992; 101: 204-210.

18. The British Thoracic Society Research Committee and The Public Health Laboratory Service. The aetiology, management and outcome of severe community-acquired pneumonia on the intensive care unit. Respir. Med. 1992; 86: 7-13.

19. Almirall J., Mesalles E., Klamburg J. et al. Prognostic factors of pneumonia requiring admission to the intensive care unit. Chest 1995; 107: 511-516.

20. Georges H., Leroy O., Vandenbussche C. et al. Epidemiological features and prognosis of severe community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 1999; 25: 198-206.

21. Confalonieri M., Potena A., Carbone G. et al. Acute respiratory failure in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. A prospective randomized evaluation of noninvasive ventilation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 160: 1585-1591.

22. Rello J., Catalan M., Diaz E. et al. Associations between empirical antimicrobial therapy at the hospital and mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2002; 28: 1030-1035.

23. Rello J., Bodi M., Mariscal D. et al. Microbiological testing and outcome of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2003: 123: 174-180.

24. Torres A., Aznar R., Gatell J.M. et al. Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990; 142: 523-528.

25. Rello J., Ausina V., Ricart M. et al. Risk factors for infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 1994; 20: 193-198.

26. Musher D.M., Kubitschek K.R., Crennan J., Baughn R.E. Pneumonia and acute febrile tracheobronchitis due to haemophilus influenzae. Ann. Intern. Med. 1983; 99: 444-450.

27. Cluzel P., Grenier P. Chest X-ray in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute respiratory failure in intensive care unit. In: Derenne J.-P., Whitelaw W.A., Similowski T., eds. Acute respiratory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1995. 539-557.

28. Lieberman D., Lieberman D., Shmarkov O. et al. Serological evidence of Legionella species infection in acute exacerbation of COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 392-397.

29. Dewan N.A. COPD exacerbations: to X-ray or not to X-ray. Chest 2002; 122: 1118-1121.

30. Fang G.D., Fine M., Orloff J. et al. New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy. A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990; 69: 307-316.

31. Torres A., Dorca J., Zalacain R. et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A Spanich multicenter study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154: 1456-1461.