Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases: guidelines of American Thoracic Society
Abstract
Based on: Meyer K.C., Raghu G., Baughman R.P. et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: the clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular analysis in interstitial lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2012; 185 (9): 1004–1014.
References
1. King T.E. Jr. Clinical advances in the diagnosis and therapy of the interstitial lung diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2005; 172: 268–279.
2. American Thoracic Society. European Respiratory Society. American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society international multidisciplinary consensus classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 165: 277–304.
3. Noth I., Martinez F.J. Recent advances in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2007; 132: 637–650.
4. Raghu G., Collard H.R., Egan J.J. et al. An official ATS / ERS / JRS / ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 183: 788–824.
5. Flaherty K.R., Travis W.D., Colby T.V. et al. Histopathologic variability in usual and nonspecific interstitial pneumonias. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164: 1722–1727.
6. Papanikolaou I.C., Drakopanagiotakis F., Polychronopoulos V.S. Acute exacerbations of interstitial lung diseases. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2010; 16: 480–486.
7. Collard H.R., Moore B.B., Flaherty K.R. et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 176: 636–643.
8. Klech H., Pohl W., eds. Technical recommendations and guidelines for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): report of the European Society of Pneumology Task Group. Eur. Respir. J.1989; 2: 561–585.
9. Klech H., Hutter C., eds. Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): report of the European Society of Pneumology Task Group on BAL. Eur. Respir. J.1990; 3: 937–976.
10. Klech H., Hutter C., Costabel U., eds. Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL): report of the European Society of Pneumology Task Group on BAL. Eur. Respir. Rev. 1992; 2: 47–127.
11. Haslam P.L., Baughman R.P. Report of ERS task force: guidelines for measurement of acellular components and standardization of BAL. Eur. Respir. J.1999; 14: 245–248.
12. The BAL Co-operative Group Steering Committee. Bronchoalveolar lavage constituents in healthy individuals, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and selected comparison groups. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.1990; 141: S169–S202.
13. Müller N.L., Fraser R.S., Lee K.S., Johkoh T. Diseases of the lung. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
14. Collins J. CT signs and patterns of lung disease. Radiol. Clin. N. Am. 2001; 39: 1115–1135.
15. Kanne J.P. Interstitial lung disease (ILD): imaging finding, and the role of imaging in the evaluating the patient with known or suspected ILD. Semin. Roentgenol. 2010; 45: 3.
16. Wells A.U. The clinical utility of bronchoalveolar lavage in diffuse parenchymal lung disease. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2010; 19: 237–241.
17. Steinberg K.P., Mitchell D.R., Maunder R.J. et al. Safety of bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.1993; 148: 556–561.
18. Hertz M.I., Woodward M.E., Gross C.R. et al. Safety of bronchoalveolar lavage in the critically ill, mechanically ventilated patient. Crit. Care Med.1991; 19: 1526–1532.
19. Hiwatari N., Shimura S., Takishima T., Shirato K. Bronchoalveolar lavage as a possible cause of acute exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 1994; 174: 379–386.
20. Kim D.S., Park J.H., Park B.K. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: frequency and clinical features. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 27: 143–150.
21. Dransfield M.T., Garver R.I., Weill D. Standardized guidelines for surveillance bronchoscopy reduce complications in lung transplant recipients. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 2004; 23: 110–114.
22. Ahmad M., Livingston D.R., Golish J.A. et al. The safety of outpatient transbronchial biopsy. Chest 1986; 90: 403–405.
23. Simpson F.G., Arnold A.G., Purvis A. et al. Postal survey of bronchoscopic practice by physicians in the UK. Thorax 1986; 41: 311–317.
24. Kramer M.R., Berkman N., Mintz B. et al. The role of open lung biopsy in the management and outcome of patients with diffuse lung disease. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1998; 65: 198–202.
25. Utz J.P., Ryu J.H., Douglas W.W. et al. High short-term mortality following lung biopsy for usual interstitial pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J. 2001; 17: 175–179.
26. Garcia J.G., Wolven R.G., Garcia P.L., Keogh B.A. Assessment of interlobar variation of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular differentials in interstitial lung diseases. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.1986; 133: 444–449.
27. Sterclova M., Vasakova M., Dutka J., Kalanin J. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis: comparative study of the bronchoalveolar lavage profiles and radiological presentation. Postgrad. Med. J. 2006; 82: 598–601.
28. Clements P.J., Goldin J.G., Kleerup E.C. et al. Regional differences in bronchoalveolar lavage and thoracic high-resolution computed tomography results in dyspneic patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthr. and Rheum. 2004; 50: 1909–1917.
29. Agusti C., Xaubet A., Luburich P. et al. Computed tomography-guided bronchoalveolar lavage in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 1996; 51: 841–845.
30. Ziora D., Grzanka P., Mazur B. et al. BAL from two different lung segments indicated by high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in patients with sarcoidosis. I. Evaluation of alveolitis homogeneity and estimation of HRCT usefulness in selection of lung region for BAL [in Polish]. Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol. 1999; 67: 422–434.
31. Rámila E., Sureda A., Martino R. et al. Bronchoscopy guided by highresolution computed tomography for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in patients with hematologic malignancies and normal plain chest X-ray. Haematologica 2000; 85: 961–966.
32. Allen J.N., Davis W.B., Pacht E.R. Diagnostic significance of increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophils. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.1990; 142: 642–647.
33. Pope-Harman A.L., Davis W.B., Allen E.D. et al. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: a summary of 15 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1996; 75: 334–342.
34. Sitbon O., Bidel N., Dussopt C. et al. Minocycline pneumonitis and eosinophilia: a report on eight patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 1994; 154: 1633–1640.
35. Costabel U., Uzaslan E., Guzman J. Bronchoalveolar lavage in druginduced lung disease. Clin. Chest Med. 2004; 25: 25–35.
36. Poulter L.W., Rossi G.A., Bjermer L. et al. The value of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis and prognosis of sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir. J. 1990; 3: 943–944.
37. Winterbauer R.H., Lammert J., Selland M. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Chest 1993; 104: 352–361.
38. Keogh B.A., Hunninghake G.W., Line B.R., Crystal R.G. The alveolitis of pulmonary sarcoidosis: evaluation of natural history and alveolitisdependent changes in lung function. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.1983; 128: 256–265.
39. Laviolette M., La Forge J., Tennina S., Boulet L.P. Prognostic value of bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocyte count in recently diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 1991; 100: 380–384.
40. Ratjen F., Costabel U., Griese M., Paul K. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid findings in children with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 21: 144–148.
41. Yoshizawa Y., Ohtani Y., Hayakawa H. et al. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis in Japan: a nationwide epidemiologic survey. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999; 103: 315–320.
42. Pardo A., Smith K.M., Abrams J. et al. CCL18/DC-CK1/PARC up-regulation in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2001; 70: 610–616.
43. Schnabel A., Richter C., Bauerfeind S., Gross W.L. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profile in methotrexate induced pneumonitis. Thorax 1997; 52: 377–379.
44. Akoun G.M., Cadranel J.L., Rosenow E.C. III, Milleron B.J. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell data in drug-induced pneumonitis. Allerg. Immunol. (Paris) 1991; 23: 245–252.
45. Shimizu S., Yoshinouchi T., Ohtsuki Y. et al. The appearance of s-100 proteinpositive dendritic cells and the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Respir. Med. 2002; 96: 770–776.
46. Ryu Y.J., Chung M.P., Han J. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Respir. Med. 2007; 101: 655–660.
47. Meyer K. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis and management of interstitial lung disease. Clin. Pulm. Med. 2007; 141: 148–156.
48. Sutinen S., Riska H., Backman R. et al. Alveolar lavage fluid (ALF) of normal volunteer subjects: cytologic, immunocytochemical, and biochemical reference values. Respir. Med. 1995; 89: 85–92.
49. Drent M., Wagenaar S., van Velzen-Blad H. et al. Relationship between plasma cell levels and profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with subacute extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Thorax 1993; 48: 835–839.
50. Ettensohn D.B., Jankowski M.J., Duncan P.G., Lalor P.A. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the normal volunteer subject: I. Technical aspects and intersubject variability. Chest 1988; 94: 275–280.
51. Barbers R.G., Gong H. Jr, Tashkin D.P. et al. Differential examination of bronchoalveolar lavage cells in tobacco cigarette and marijuana smokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.1987; 135: 1271–1275.
52. Merchant R.K., Schwartz D.A., Helmers R.A. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage cellularity: the distribution in normal volunteers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.1992; 146: 448–453.
53. Welker L., Jorres R.A., Costabel U., Magnussen H. Predictive value of BAL cell differentials in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 24: 1000–1006.
54. Drent M., van Velzen-Blad H., Diamant M. et al. Relationship between presentation of sarcoidosis and T lymphocyte profile: a study in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Chest 1993; 104: 795–800.
55. Trentin L., Migone N., Zambello R. et al. Mechanisms accounting for lymphocytic alveolitis in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J. Immunol. 1990; 145: 2147–2154.
56. Depierre A., Dalphin J.C., Pernet D. et al. Epidemiological study of farmer's lung in five districts of the French Doubs province. Thorax 1988; 43: 429–435.
57. Kantrow S.P., Meyer K.C., Kidd P., Raghu G. The CD4/CD8 ratio in BAL fluid is highly variable in sarcoidosis. Eur. Respir. J.1997; 10: 2716–2721.
58. Danila E., Norkuniene J., Jurgauskiene L., Malickaite R. Diagnostic role of BAL fluid CD4/CD8 ratio in different radiographic and clinical forms of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Clin. Respir. J. 2009; 3: 214–221.
59. Barrera L., Mendoza F., Zuñiga J. et al. Functional diversity of T-cell subpopulations in subacute and chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 177: 44–55.
60. Morell F., Roger A., Reyes L. et al. Bird fancier's lung: a series of 86 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2008; 87: 110–130.
61. Meyer K.C., Soergel P. Bronchoalveolar lymphocyte phenotypes change in the normal aging human lung. Thorax 1999; 54: 697–700.
Review
For citations:
Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases: guidelines of American Thoracic Society. PULMONOLOGIYA. 2012;(4):17-27. (In Russ.)
Views:
1972
Email this article 