1. Cillóniz C., Cardozo C., García-Vidal C. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Ann. Res. Hosp. 2018; (2): 1. https://doi.org/10.21037/arh.2017.12.03.
2. Авдеев С.Н., Белобородов В.Б., Белоцерковский Б.З. и др. Тяжелая внебольничная пневмония у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации Федерации анестезиологов и реаниматологов России. Анестезиология и реаниматология. 2022; (1): 6-35. https://doi.org/10.17116/anaesthesiology20220116.
3. Минаков А.А., Вахлевский В.В., Волошин Н.И. и др. Новый взгляд на этиологию и иммунологические аспекты пневмонии. Медицинский совет. 2023; 17 (4): 141-153. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-056..
4. Ruiz-Spinelli A., Waterer G., Rello J. Severe community-acquired pneumonia in the post COVID-19 era. Curr. Opin Crit. Care. 2023; 29 (5): 400-406. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000001083.
5. Battaglini D., Fazzini B., Silva P.L. et. al. Challenges in ARDS definition, management, and identification of effective personalized therapies. Clin. Med. 2023; 12 (4): 1381. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041381.
6. Buttgereit F., da Silva J.A., Boers M. et. al. Standardised nomenclature for glucocorticoid dosages and glucocorticoid treatment regimens: current questions and tentative answers in rheumatology. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2002; 61 (8): 718-722. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.61.8.718.
7. Pastores S.M., Annane D., Rochwerg B. et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in critically Ill patients (Part II): Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 2017. Crit. Care Med. 2018; 46 (1): 146-148. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002737.
8. Czock D., Keller F., Rasche F.M. et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2005. 44 (1): 61-98. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003088-200544010-00003.
9. Williams D.M. Clinical pharmacology of corticosteroids. Respir. Care. 2018; 63 (6): 655-670. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.06314.
10. Yang J.W., Mao B., Tao R.J. Corticosteroids alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and lung injury via inhibiting NLRP3-inflammasome activation. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2020; 24 (21): 12716-12725. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.15849.
11. Tu G.W., Shi Y., Zheng Y.J. et al. Glucocorticoid attenuates acute lung injury through induction of type 2 macrophage. J. Transl. Med. 2017; 15 (1): 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1284-7.
12. Волошин Н.И., Пугач В.А., Салухов В.В. и др. Экспериментальное исследование эффективности дексаметазона на модели липополисахарид-индуцированного острого повреждения легких у крыс. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2023; 22 (4): 22-30. https://doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2023-4-22-30.
13. Venkatesh B., Finfer S., Cohen J. et al. Adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy in patients with septic shock. N. Engl. J. Med. 2018; 378 (9): 797-808. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1705835.
14. Kamath S., Hammad Altaq H., Abdo T. Management of sepsis and septic shock: what have we learned in the last two decades? Microorganisms. 2023; 11 (9): 2231. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092231.
15. Lewis S.R., Pritchard M.W., Thomas C.M. et al. Pharmacological agents for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2019; 7 (7): CD004477. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd004477.pub3.
16. Lin P., Zhao Y., Li X. et al. Decreased mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients treated with corticosteroids: an updated meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials with trial sequential analysis. Crit. Care. 2021; 25 (1): 122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-021-03546-0.
17. Yoshihro S., Taito S., Yatabe T. The influence of steroid type on outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. J. Intensive Care. 2023; 11 (1): 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-023-00681-4.
18. He Q., Wang C., Wang Y. et al. Efficacy and safety of glucocorticoids use in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Infect. Dis. 2023; 23 (1): 896. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08874-w.
19. Saleem N., Kulkarni A., Snow T.A.C. Effect of corticosteroids on mortality and clinical cure in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of randomized control trials. Chest. 2023; 163 (3): 484-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2022.08.2229.
20. Tang Q., Chen Q., Li Y., Wang Z. Association between glucocorticoids and mortality in patients with severe pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Comput. Math. Methods Med. 2022; 2022: 1191205. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1191205.
21. Chen S., Hu C. Effect of corticosteroids on mortality in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Crit. Care. 2023; 27 (1): 358. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04645-w.
22. Wu J.Y., Tsai Y.W., Hsu W.H. et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive corticosteroids in the treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit. Care. 2023; 27 (1): 274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04561-z.
23. Bradley J., Khurana S., Cavallazzi R. Adjunctive immunomodulation in severe community-acquired pneumonia. J. Bras. Pneumol. 2023; 49 (4): e20230248. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20230248.
24. Martin-Loeches I., Nagavci B., Torres A. Final approval for corticosteroids in severe CAP? For sure, in septic shock. Crit. Care. 2023; 27 (1): 342. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04613-4.
25. Amratia D.A., Viola H., Ioachimescu O.C. Glucocorticoid therapy in respiratory illness: bench to bedside. J. Investig Med. 2022; 70 (8): 1662-1680. https://doi.org/10.1136/jim-2021-002161.
26. Vornicu O., Perriens E., Blackman S. et. al. Mortality reduction in severe community-acquired pneumonia: key findings from a large randomized controlled trial and their clinical implications. Ann. Transl. Med 2023; 11 (11): 395. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm-23-1719.
27. Abdallah M.S., Madi A.F., Rana M.A. The best use of systemic corticosteroids in the intensive care units, review. J. Steroids Horm Sci. 2015; 6 (1): 1000149. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000149.
28. Mager D.E., Lin S.X., Blum R.A. et al. Dose equivalency evaluation of major corticosteroids: pharmacokinetics and cell trafficking and cortisol dynamics. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2003; 43 (11): 1216-1227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270003258651.
29. Танин И.Ю., Иванова Л.А., Король И.В. и др. Принципы назначения глюкокортикостероидов у пациентов с CОVID-19. Вестник современной клинической медицины. 2022; 15 (2): 103-109. https://doi.org/10.20969/VSKM.2022.15(2).103-109..
30. RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P. et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021; 384: 693-704. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436.
31. Rygаrd S.L., Butler E., Granholm A. et al. Low-dose corticosteroids for adult patients with septic shock: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2018; 44 (7): 1003-1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5197-6.
32. Salton F., Confalonieri P., Meduri G.U.et al. Theory and practice of glucocorticoids in COVID-19: getting to the heart of the matter-A critical review and viewpoints. Pharmceuticals (Basel). 2023; 16 (7): 924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16070924.
33. Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. 1936. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1998; 10 (2):230 231. https://doi.org/10.1038/138032a.
34. Russell G., Lightman S. The human stress response. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2019; 15 (9): 525-534. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0228-0.
35. Marik P.E., Pastores S.M., Annane D. et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 36 (6): 1937-1949. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817603ba.
36. Annane D., Pastores S.M., Arlt W. et al. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI): a narrative review from a multispecialty task force of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Intensive Care Med. 2017; 43 (12): 1781-1792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-017-4914-x.
37. Meduri G.U., Chrousos G.P. General adaptation in critical illness: glucocorticoid receptor-alpha master regulator of homeostatic corrections. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). 2020. 11: 161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00161.
38. Harris L.K., Crannage A.J. Corticosteroids in community-acquired pneumonia: a review of current literature. J. Pharm. Technol. 2021; 37 (3): 152-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755122521995587.
39. Mueller C., Blum C.A., Trummler M. et.al. Association of adrenal function and disease severity in community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (6): e99518. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099518.
40. Beishuizen A., Thijs L.G., Vermes I. Decreased levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in severe critical illness: a sign of exhausted adrenal reserve? Crit. Care. 2002; 6 (5): 434-438. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc1530.
41. Draghici S., Nguyen T.M., Sonna L.A. et al. COVID-19: Disease pathways and gene expression changes predict methylprednisolone can improve outcome in severe cases. Bioinformatics. 2021; 37 (17): 2691-2698. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btab163.
42. Харитонов М.А., Рудаков Ю.В., Салухов В.В., Волошин Н.И. Роль сурфактанта в патогенезе бронхолегочной патологии. Медицинский Совет. 2023; (20): 52. https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-340.
43. Young A., Marsh S. Steroid use in critical care. BJA Educ. 2018; 18 (5): 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjae.2018.01.005.
44. Lansbury L., Rodrigo C., Leonardi-Bee J. et al. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of influenza. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2019; 2 (2): Cd010406. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010406.
45. Torres A., Sibila O., Ferrer M. et al. Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015; 313 (7): 677-686. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.88.
46. Martin-Loeches I., Torres A., Nagavci B. et al. ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. Respir J. 2023; 61 (4): 2200735. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00735-2022.
47. Evans L., Rhodes A., Alhazzani W. et al Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021; 47 (11): 1181-1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y.
48. Chaudhuri D., Nei A.M., Rochwerg B. et al. 2024 focused update: guidelines on use of corticosteroids in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and community-acquired pneumonia. Crit. Care Med. 2024; 52 (5): e219-233. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000006172.
49. Cilloniz C., Ferrer M., Liapikou A. et.al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J. 2018; 51 (3): 1702215. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02215-2017.
50. Салухов В.В., Волошин Н.И., Шперлинг М.И. Эффективность применения различных схем системной противовоспалительной терапии глюкокортикоидами при развитии острого ЛПС-индуцированного повреждения легких в эксперименте. Известия Российской Военно-медицинской академии. 2022; 41 (2): 111-116. https://doi.org/10.17816/rmmar104619.
51. Hong S., Jian C., Wang H. Effects of different doses of methylprednisolone therapy on acute respiratory distress syndrome: results from animal and clinical studies. BMC Pulm. Med. 2022; 22 (1): 348. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-022-02148-y.
52. Chaudhuri D., Sasaki K., Karkar A. et al. Corticosteroids in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2021; 47 (5): 521-537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06394-2
53. Tasaka S., Ohshimo S., Takeuchi M. et al. ARDS clinical practice guideline 2021. J. Intensive Care. 2022; 10 (1): 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40560-022-00615-6.
54. Meduri G.U., Annane D., Confalonieri M. et. al. Pharmacological principles guiding prolonged glucocorticoid treatment in ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (12): 2284-2296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06289-8.
55. Vandewalle J., Libert C. Glucocorticoids in sepsis: to be or not to be. Front. Immunol. 2020; 11: 1318. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01318.
56. Villar J., Ferrando C., Martínez D. et al Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2020; 8: 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(19)30417-5.
57. Meduri G.U., Headley A.S., Golden E. et al: Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998; 280 (2): 159-165. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.280.2.159.
58. Meduri G.U., Golden E., Freire A.X. et al. Methylprednisolone infusion in early severe ARDS: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Chest. 2007; 131 (4): 954-959. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.06-2100.
59. Meduri G.U., Shih M.C., Bridges L. et al. Low-dose methylprednisolone treatment in critically ill patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med. 2022; 48 (8): 1009-1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-022-06684-3.
60. Dequin P.F., Meziani F., Quenot J.P. et al. Hydrocortisone in severe community-acquired pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2023; 388 (21): 1931-1941. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2215145.
61. Wu J.Y., Tsai Y.W., Hsu W.H. et al. Efficacy and safety of adjunctive corticosteroids in the treatment of severe community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit. Care. 2023; 27 (1): 274. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04561-z.
62. Metlay J.P., Waterer G.W. Time to treat severe community-acquired pneumonia with steroids? N. Engl. J. Med. 2023; 388 (21): 2001-2002. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe2302544.
63. Bradley J., Khurana S., Cavallazzi R. Adjunctive immunomodulation in severe community-acquired pneumonia. J. Bras. Pneumol. 2023; 49 (4): e20230248. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20230248.
64. Pitre T., Abdali D., Chaudhuri D. et al. Corticosteroids in community-acquired bacterial pneumonia: a systematic review, pairwise and dose-response meta-analysis. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2023; 38 (11): 2593-2606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-023-08203-6.
65. Gu X., Yang P., Yu L.et al. Glucocorticoids can reduce mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Research Square. (Version 1). [Preprint. Posted: 2023, Nov. 10]. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3576792/v1.