Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients
https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2011-0-3-9-52
Abstract
Источник: A.H.Limper, K.S.Knox, G.A.Sarosi et al. Official American Thoracic Society Statement: Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 183: 96–128.
About the Authors
A. H. LimperRussian Federation
K. S. Knox
Russian Federation
G. A. Sarosi
Russian Federation
N. M. Ampel
Russian Federation
J. E. Bennett
Russian Federation
A.C Catanzaro
Russian Federation
S. F. Davies
Russian Federation
W. E. Dismukes
Russian Federation
C. A. Hage
Russian Federation
K. A. Marr
Russian Federation
C. H. Mody
Russian Federation
J. R. Perfect
Russian Federation
D. A. Stevens
Russian Federation
References
1. McGowan J.E. Jr., Chesney P.J., Crossley K.B., LaForce F.M. Guidelines for the use of systemic glucocorticosteroids in the management of selected infections. Working group on steroid use, antimicrobial agents committee, Infectious Diseases Society of America. J. Infect. Dis. 1992; 165: 1–13.
2. Sobel J.D. Practice guidelines for the treatment of fungal infections. For the mycoses study group, Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 30: 652.
3. Schunemann H.J., Jaeschke R., Cook D.J. et al. An official ATS statement: grading the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in ats guidelines and recommendations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 174: 605–614.
4. Schunemann H.J., Osborne M., Moss J. et al. An official American Thoracic Society policy statement: managing conflict of interest in professional societies. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 2009; 180: 564–580.
5. Barcia J.P. Hyperkalemia associated with rapid infusion of conventional and lipid complex formulations of amphotericin B. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 874–876.
6. Wright D.G., Robichaud K.J., Pizzo P.A., Deisseroth A.B. Lethal pulmonary reactions associated with the combined use of amphotericin B and leukocyte transfusions. N. Engl. J. Med 1981; 304: 1185–1189.
7. Goren M.P., Viar M.J., Shenep J.L. et al. Monitoring serum aminoglycoside concentrations in children with amphotericin B nephrotoxicity. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 1988; 7: 698–703.
8. Mayer J., Doubek M., Doubek J. et al. Reduced nephrotoxicity of conventional amphotericin B therapy after minimal nephroprotective measures: animal experiments and clinical study. J. Infect. Dis. 2002; 186: 379–388.
9. Nivoix Y., Ubeaud5Sequier G., Engel P. et al. Drugdrug interactions of triazole antifungal agents in multimorbid patients and implications for patient care. Curr. Drug Metab. 2009; 10: 395–409.
10. Willems L., van der Geest R., de Beule K. Itraconazole oral solution and intravenous formulations: a review of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2001; 26: 159–169.
11. Stevens D.A. Ketoconazole metamorphosis: an antimicrobial becomes an endocrine drug. Arch. Intern. Med. 1985; 145: 813–815.
12. Zonios D.I., Bennett J.E. Update on azole antifungals. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 29: 198–210.
13. Stevens D.A. Itraconazole in cyclodextrin solution. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19: 603–611.
14. Toon S., Ross C.E., Gokal R., Rowland M. An assessment of the effects of impaired renal function and haemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of fluconazole. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1990; 29: 221–226.
15. Pascual A., Calandra T., Bolay S. et al. Marchetti O. Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with invasive mycoses improves efficacy and safety outcomes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008; 46: 201–211.
16. Schwartz S., Milatovic D., Thiel E. Successful treatment of cerebral aspergillosis with a novel triazole (voriconazole) in a patient with acute leukaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1997; 97: 663–665.
17. Walsh T.J., Raad I., Patterson T.F. et al. Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: an externally controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007; 44: 2–12.
18. Stevens D.A., Rendon A., Gaona5Flores V. Posaconazole therapy for chronic refractory coccidioidomycosis. Chest 2007; 132: 952–958.
19. Ullmann A.J., Cornely O.A. Antifungal prophylaxis for invasive mycoses in high risk patients. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2006; 19: 571–576.
20. Raad I.I., Graybill J.R., Bustamante A.B. et al. Safety of longterm oral posaconazole use in the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006; 42: 1726–1734.
21. Powles M.A., Liberator P., Anderson J. et al. Efficacy of MK-991 (l-743, 872), a semisynthetic pneumocandin, in murine models of Pneumocystis carinii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1998; 42: 1985–1989.
22. Kottom T.J., Limper A.H. Cell wall assembly by Pneumocystis carinii: evidence for a unique gsc-1 subunit mediating beta-1,3-glucan deposition. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 40628–40634.
23. Joseph J.M., Jain R., Danziger L.H. Micafungin: a new echinocandin antifungal. Pharmacotherapy 2007; 27: 53–67.
24. Croft D.R., Trapp J., Kernstine K. et al. Fdg-pet imagingand the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer in a region of high histoplasmosis prevalence. Lung Cancer 2002; 36: 297–301.
25. Olson E.J., Utz J.P., Prakash U.B. Therapeutic bronchoscopy in broncholithiasis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 160: 766–770.
26. Menivale F., Deslee G., Vallerand H. et al. Therapeutic management of broncholithiasis. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2005; 79: 1774–1776.
27. Loyd J.E., Tillman B.F., Atkinson J.B., Des Prez R.M. Mediastinal fibrosis complicating histoplasmosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988; 67: 295–310.
28. Hackstein N., Fegbeutel C., Rau W.S. Idiopathic mediastinal fibrosis as differential diagnosis of mediastinal structures. Rofo 2004; 176: 1510–1511.
29. Savelli B.A., Parshley M., Morganroth M.L. Successful treatment of sclerosing cervicitis and fibrosing mediastinitis with tamoxifen. Chest 1997; 111: 1137–1140.
30. Doyle T.P., Loyd J.E., Robbins I.M. Percutaneous pulmonary artery and vein stenting: a novel treatment for mediastinal fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164: 657–660.
31. Manali E.D., Saad C.P., Krizmanich G., Mehta A.C. Endobronchial findings of fibrosing mediastinitis. Respir. Care 2003; 48: 1038–1042.
32. Brodsky A.L., Gregg M.B., Loewenstein M.S. et al. Outbreak of histoplasmosis associated with the 1970 Earth Day activities. Am. J. Med. 1973; 54: 333–342.
33. Johnson P.C., Wheat L.J., Cloud G.A. et al. Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B compared with conventional amphotericin B for induction therapy of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002; 137: 105–109.
34. Wheat J., Hafner R., Korzun A.H. et al. Itraconazole treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: AIDS clinical trial group. Am. J. Med. 1995; 98: 336–342.
35. Wheat J., Hafner R., Wulfsohn M. et al. Prevention of relapse of histoplasmosis with itraconazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 1993; 118: 610–616.
36. Goldman M., Zackin R., Fichtenbaum C.J. et al. Safety of discontinuation of maintenance therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis after immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 38: 1485–1489.
37. Breton G., Adle5Biassette H., Therby A. et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in hiv-infected patients with disseminated histoplasmosis. AIDS 2006; 20: 119–121.
38. McKinsey D.S., Wheat L.J., Cloud G.A. et al. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Itraconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999; 28: 1049–1056.
39. Wood K.L., Hage C.A., Knox K.S. et al. Histoplasmosis after treatment with antitumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 167: 1279–1282.
40. Goodwin R.A. Jr, Shapiro J.L., Thurman G.H. et al. Disseminated histoplasmosis: clinical and pathologic correlations. Medicine (Baltimore) 1980; 59: 1–33.
41. Parker J.D., Sarosi G.A., Doto I.L. et al. Treatment of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis. N. Engl. J. Med 1970; 283: 225–229.
42. Kennedy C.C., Limper A.H. Redefining the clinical spectrum of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis: a retrospective case series of 46 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2007; 86: 252–258.
43. Dismukes W.E., Bradsher R.W. Jr, Cloud G.C. et al. Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis: Niaid mycoses study group. Am. J. Med. 1992; 93: 489–497.
44. Perfect J.R., Marr K.A., Walsh T.J. et al. Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 36: 1122–1131.
45. Restrepo A., Tobon A., Clark B. et al. Salvage treatment of histoplasmosis with posaconazole. J. Infect. 2007; 54: 319–327.
46. Li R.K., Ciblak M.A., Nordoff N. et al. In vitro activities of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000; 44: 1734–1736.
47. Connolly P., Wheat J., Schnizlein5Bick C. et al. Comparison of a new triazole antifungal agent, schering 56592, with itraconazole and amphotericin B for treatment of histoplasmosis in immunocompetent mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1999; 43: 322–328.
48. Clark B., Foster R., Tunbridge A., Green S. A. Case of disseminated histoplasmosis successfully treated with the investigational drug posaconazole. J. Infect. 2005; 51: e177–e180.
49. Kohler S., Wheat L.J., Connolly P. et al. Comparison of the echinocandin caspofungin with amphotericin b for treatment of histoplasmosis following pulmonary challenge in a murine model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000; 44: 1850–1854.
50. Dall L., Salzman G. Treatment of pulmonary sporotrichosis with ketoconazole. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1987; 9: 795–798.
51. Mercurio M.G., Elewski B.E. Therapy of sporotrichosis. Semin. Dermatol. 1993; 12: 285–289.
52. Kauffman C.A. Old and new therapies for sporotrichosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995; 21: 981–985.
53. Sharkey5Mathis P.K., Kauffman C.A., Graybill J.R. et al. Treatment of sporotrichosis with itraconazole: Niaid mycoses study group. Am. J. Med. 1993; 95: 279–285.
54. Lemos L.B., Baliga M., Guo M. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and blastomycosis: presentation of nine cases and review of the literature. Ann. Diagn. Pathol. 2001; 5: 1–9.
55. Sarosi G.A., Davies S.F. Blastomycosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1979; 120: 911–938.
56. Pappas P.G., Pottage J.C., Powderly W.G. et al. Blastomycosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 1992; 116: 847–853.
57. Pappas P.G., Threlkeld M.G., Bedsole G.D. et al. Blastomycosis in immunocompromised patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993; 72: 311–325.
58. Chapman S.W., Bradsher R.W. Jr, Campbell G.D. Jr et al. Practice guidelines for the management of patients with blastomycosis: Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 30: 679–683.
59. Saiz P., Gitelis S., Virkus W. et al. Blastomycosis of long bones. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 2004; 255–259.
60. Wiesman I.M., Podbielski F.J., Hernan M.J. et al. Thoracic blastomycosis and empyema. JSLS 1999; 3: 75–78.
61. Hadjipavlou A.G., Mader J.T., Nauta H.J. et al. Blastomycosis of the lumbar spine: case report and review of the literature, with emphasis on diagnostic laboratory tools and management. Eur. Spine. J. 1998; 7: 416–421.
62. Saccente M., Abernathy R.S., Pappas P.G. et al. Vertebral blastomycosis with paravertebral abscess: report of eight cases and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1998; 26: 413–418.
63. Bradsher R.W. Therapy of blastomycosis. Semin. Respir. Infect. 1997; 12: 263–267.
64. Ralph E.D., Plaxton W.R., Sharpe M.D. Treatment of severe pulmonary blastomycosis with oral itraconazole: case report. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999; 29: 1336–1337.
65. Parker J.D., Doto I.L., Tosh F.E. A decade of experience with blastomycosis and its treatment with amphotericin B: a national communicable disease center cooperative mycoses study. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1969; 99: 895–902.
66. Chowfin A., Tight R., Mitchell S. Recurrent blastomycosis of the central nervous system: case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 30: 969–971.
67. Cook P.P. Amphotericin B. lipid complex for the treatment of recurrent blastomycosis of the brain in a patient previously treated with itraconazole. South Med. J. 2001; 94: 548–549.
68. Pappas P.G., Bradsher R.W., Kauffman C.A. et al. Treatment of blastomycosis with higher doses of fluconazole: the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1997; 25: 200–205.
69. Pappas P.G., Bradsher R.W., Chapman S.W. et al. Treatment of blastomycosis with fluconazole: a pilot study. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995; 20: 267–271.
70. Sorensen K.N., Clemons K.V., Stevens D.A. Murine models of blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis. Mycopathologia 1999; 146: 53–65.
71. Sugar A.M., Liu X.P. Efficacy of voriconazole in treatment of murine pulmonary blastomycosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001; 45: 601–604.
72. Bakleh M., Aksamit A.J., Tleyjeh I.M., Marshall W.F. Successful treatment of cerebral blastomycosis with voriconazole. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 40: e69–e71.
73. Borgia S.M., Fuller J.D., Sarabia A., El5Helou P. Cerebral blastomycosis: a case series incorporating voriconazole in the treatment regimen. Med. Mycol. 2006; 44: 659–664.
74. Morgan D., Young R.F., Chow A.W. et al. Recurrent intracerebral blastomycotic granuloma: diagnosis and treatment. Neurosurgery 1979; 4: 319–324.
75. Lahm T., Neese S., Thornburg A.T. et al. Corticosteroids for blastomycosis-induced ARDS: a report of two patients and review of the literature. Chest 2008; 133: 1478–1480.
76. Schwarz E.B., Postlethwaite D.A., Hung Y.Y., Armstrong M.A. Documentation of contraception and pregnancy when prescribing potentially teratogenic medications for reproductive-age women. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007; 147: 370–376.
77. Chandrasekar P.H. Increased dose of echinocandins for invasive fungal infections: bonanza for the patient or the pharmaceutical industry? Bone Marrow. Transplant. 2007; 39: 129–131.
78. Galgiani J.N., Ampel N.M., Blair J.E. et al. Coccidioidomycosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 41: 1217–1223.
79. Valdivia L., Nix D., Wright M. et al. Coccidioidomycosis as a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2006; 12: 958–962.
80. Galgiani J.N., Ampel N.M., Catanzaro A. et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis: Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 30: 658–661.
81. Bergstrom L., Yocum D.E., Ampel N.M. et al. Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists. Arthr. and Rheum. 2004; 50: 1959–1966.
82. Ampel N.M., Wieden M.A., Galgiani J.N. Coccidioidomycosis: clinical update. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1989; 11: 897–911.
83. Gifford M.A., Buss W.C., Douds R.J. Data on coccidioides fungus infection, Kern county, 1901–1936. in: Annual report Kern County Health Department for the fiscal year July 1, 1936, to June 30, 1937. Bakersfield, CA; 1937. 39–54.
84. Dewsnup D.H., Galgiani J.N., Graybill J.R. et al. Is it ever safe to stop azole therapy for Coccidioides immitis meningitis? Ann. Intern. Med. 1996; 124: 305–310.
85. Stevens D.A., Shatsky S.A. Intrathecal amphotericin in the management of coccidioidal meningitis. Semin. Respir. Infect. 2001; 16: 263–269.
86. Catanzaro A., Fierer J., Friedman P.J. Fluconazole in the treatment of persistent coccidioidomycosis. Chest 1990; 97: 666–669.
87. Galgiani J.N., Catanzaro A., Cloud G.A. et al. Comparison of oral fluconazole and itraconazole for progressive, nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis: a randomized, double-blind trial. Mycoses Study Group. Ann. Intern. Med. 2000; 133: 676–686.
88. Graybill J.R., Stevens D.A., Galgiani J.N. et al. Itraconazole treatment of coccidioidomycosis: Naiad Mycoses Study Group. Am. J. Med. 1990; 89: 282–290.
89. Anstead G.M., Corcoran G., Lewis J. et al. Refractory coccidioidomycosis treated with posaconazole. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 40: 1770–1776.
90. Cortez K.J., Walsh T.J., Bennett J.E. Successful treatment of coccidioidal meningitis with voriconazole. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 36: 1619–1622.
91. Prabhu R.M., Bonnell M., Currier B.L., Orenstein R. Successful treatment of disseminated nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis with voriconazole. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39: e74–e77.
92. Shikanai5Yasuda M.A., Benard G., Higaki Y. et al. Randomized trial with itraconazole, ketoconazole and sulfadiazine in paracoccidioidomycosis. Med. Mycol. 2002; 40: 411–417.
93. Queiroz5Telles F., Goldani L.Z., Schlamm H.T. et al. An open-label comparative pilot study of oral voriconazole and itraconazole for long-term treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 1462–1469. Am. Thorac. Soc. Doc. 123.
94. Byrnes E.J. III, Bildfell R.J., Frank S.A. et al. Molecular evidence that the range of the Vancouver Island outbreak of Cryptococcus gattii infection has expanded into the Pacific northwest in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 2009; 199: 1081–1086.
95. Granger D.L., Perfect J.R., Durack D.T. Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans: regulation of capsule synthesis by carbon dioxide. J. Clin. Invest. 1985; 76: 508–516.
96. Chaskes S., Frases S., Cammer M. et al. Growth and pigment production on d-tryptophan medium by Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2008; 46: 255–264.
97. Hoang L.M., Maguire J.A., Doyle P. et al. Cryptococcus neoformans infections at Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre (1997–2002): epidemiology, microbiology and histopathology. J. Med. Microbiol. 2004; 53: 935–940.
98. Kidd S.E., Hagen F., Tscharke R.L. et al. A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004; 101: 17258–17263.
99. Rozenbaum R., Goncalves A.J. Clinical epidemiological study of 171 cases of cryptococcosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1994; 18: 369–380.
100. Aberg J.A., Mundy L.M., Powderly W.G. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients without HIV infection. Chest 1999; 115: 734–740.
101. Zlupko G.M., Fochler F.J., Goldschmidt Z.H. Pulmonary cryptococcosis presenting with multiple pulmonary nodules. Chest 1980; 77: 575.
102. Khoury M.B., Godwin J.D., Ravin C.E. et al. Thoracic cryptococcosis: immunologic competence and radiologic appearance. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1984; 142: 893–896.
103. Penmetsa S., Rose T.A., Crook E.D. Rapid respiratory deterioration and sudden death due to disseminated cryptococcosis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. South. Med. J. 1999; 92: 927–929.
104. Nadrous H.F., Antonios V.S., Terrell C.L., Ryu J.H. Pulmonary cryptococcosis in nonimmunocompromised patients. Chest 2003; 124: 2143–2147.
105. Vilchez R.A., Linden P., Lacomis J., Costello P. et al. Acute respiratory failure associated with pulmonary cryptococcosis in non-AIDS patients. Chest 2001; 119: 1865–1869.
106. Pappas P.G., Perfect J.R., Cloud G.A. et al. Cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients in the era of effective azole therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001; 33: 690–699.
107. Dromer F., Mathoulin S., Dupont B. et al. Comparison of the efficacy of amphotericin B and fluconazole in the treatment of cryptococcosis in human immunodeficiency virusnegative patients: retrospective analysis of 83 cases. French Cryptococcosis Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1996; 22: S154–S160.
108. Gomez5Lopez A., Zaragoza O., Dos Anjos Martins M. et al. In vitro susceptibility of Cryptococcus gattii clinical isolates. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2008; 14: 727–730.
109. Majid A.A. Surgical resection of pulmonary cryptococcomas in the presence of cryptococcal meningitis. J. Roy. Coll. Surg. Edinb. 1989; 34: 332–333.
110. Smith F.S., Gibson P., Nicholls T.T., Simpson J.A. Pulmonary resection for localized lesions of cryptococcosis (torulosis): a review of eight cases. Thorax 1976; 31: 121–126.
111. Vilchez R.A., Irish W., Lacomis J. et al. The clinical epidemiology of pulmonary cryptococcosis in non-AIDS patients at a tertiary care medical center. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001; 80: 308–312.
112. Mody C.H., Toews G.B., Lipscomb M.F. Cyclosporin a inhibits the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model. Infect. and Immun. 1988; 56:7–12.
113. Mody C.H., Toews G.B., Lipscomb M.F. Treatment of murine cryptococcosis with cyclosporin-a in normal and athymic mice. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 139: 8–13.
114. Blankenship J.R., Singh N., Alexander B.D., Heitman J. Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from transplant recipients are not selected for resistance to calcineurin inhibitors by current immunosuppressive regimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005; 43: 464–467.
115. Hage C.A., Wood K.L., Winer5Muram H.T. et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis after initiation of anti-tumor necrosis factoralpha therapy. Chest 2003; 124: 2395–2397.
116. Shrestha R.K., Stoller J.K., Honari G. et al. Pneumonia due to Cryptococcus neoformans in a patient receiving infliximab: possible zoonotic transmission from a pet cockatiel. Respir. Care 2004; 49: 606–608.
117. Arend S.M., Kuijper E.J., Allaart C.F. et al. Cavitating pneumonia after treatment with infliximab and prednisone. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2004; 23: 638–641.
118. Nath D.S., Kandaswamy R., Gruessner R. et al. Fungal infections in transplant recipients receiving alemtuzumab. Transplant. Proc. 2005; 37: 934–936.
119. Sider L., Westcott M.A. Pulmonary manifestations of cryptococcosis in patients with AIDS: CT features. J. Thorac. Imag. 1994; 9: 78–84.
120. Cameron M.L., Bartlett J.A., Gallis H.A., Waskin H.A. Manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1991; 13: 64–67.
121. Zinck S.E., Leung A.N., Frost M. et al. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: CT and pathologic findings. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 2002; 26: 330–334.
122. van der Horst C.M., Saag M.S., Cloud G.A. et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337: 15–21.
123. Denning D.W., Tucker R.M., Hanson L.H. et al. Itraconazole therapy for cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcosis. Arch. Intern. Med. 1989; 149: 2301–2308.
124. de Gans J., Portegies P., Tiessens G. et al. Itraconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine in aids patients with cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS 1992; 6: 185–190.
125. Bennett J.E., Dismukes W.E., Duma R.J. et al. A comparison of amphotericin B alone and combined with flucytosine in the treatment of cryptoccal meningitis. N. Engl. J. Med 1979; 301: 126–131.
126. Dismukes W.E., Cloud G., Gallis H.A. et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with combination amphotericin B and flucytosine for four as compared with six weeks. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 317: 334–341.
127. White M., Cirrincione C., Blevins A., Armstrong D. Cryptococcal meningitis: outcome in patients with AIDS and patients with neoplastic disease. J. Infect. Dis. 1992; 165: 960–963.
128. Saag M.S., Powderly W.G., Cloud G.A. et al. Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis: the Niaid Mycoses Study Group and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992; 326: 83–89.
129. Bicanic T., Wood R., Meintjes G. et al. High-dose amphotericin B with flucytosine for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008; 47: 123–130.
130. Larsen R.A., Bauer M., Thomas A.M., Graybill J.R. Amphotericin B and fluconazole, a potent combination therapy for cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother. 2004; 48: 985–991.
131. Brouwer A.E., Rajanuwong A., Chierakul W. et al. Combination antifungal therapies for HIVassociated cryptococcal meningitis: a randomised trial. Lancet 2004; 363: 1764–1767.
132. Coker R.J., Viviani M., Gazzard B.G. et al. Treatment of cryptococcosis with liposomal amphotericin B (ambisome) in 23 patients with AIDS. AIDS 1993; 7: 829–835.
133. Leenders A.C., Reiss P., Portegies P. et al. Liposomal amphotericin B (ambisome) compared with amphotericin B both followed by oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS 1997; 11: 1463–1471.
134. Diamond D.M., Bauer M., Daniel B.E. et al. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion combined with flucytosine with or without fluconazole for treatment of murine cryptococcal meningitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1998; 42: 528–533.
135. Bozzette S.A., Larsen R.A., Chiu J. et al. A placebocontrolled trial of maintenance therapy with fluconazole after treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: California Collaborative Treatment Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991; 324: 580–584.
136. Saag M.S., Cloud G.A., Graybill J.R. et al. A comparison of itraconazole versus fluconazole as maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999; 28: 291–296.
137. Powderly W.G., Saag M.S., Cloud G.A. et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: The Niaid AIDS Clinical Trials Group and Mycoses Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1992; 326: 793–798.
138. Alves S.H., Lopes J.O., Costa J.M., Klock C. Development of secondary resistance to fluconazole in Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from a patient with AIDS. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 1997; 39: 359–361.
139. Armengou A., Porcar C., Mascaro J., Garcia5Bragado F. Possible development of resistance to fluconazole during suppressive therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1996; 23: 1337–1338.
140. Birley H.D., Johnson E.M., McDonald P. et al. Azole drug resistance as a cause of clinical relapse in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Int. J. STD AIDS 1995; 6: 353–355.
141. Friese G., Discher T., Fussle R. et al. Development of azole resistance during fluconazole maintenance therapy for AIDS-associated cryptococcal disease. AIDS 2001; 15: 2344–2345.
142. King M.D., Perlino C.A., Cinnamon J., Jernigan J.A. Paradoxical recurrent meningitis following therapy of cryptococcal meningitis: an immune reconstitution syndrome after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Int. J. STD AIDS 2002; 13: 724–726.
143. Jenny5Avital E.R., Abadi M. Immune reconstitution cryptococcosis after initiation of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 35: e128–e133.
144. Shelburne S.A. III, Darcourt J., White A.C. The role of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in AIDS-related Cryptococcus neoformans disease in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 40: 1049–1052.
145. Mussini C., Pezzotti P., Miro J.M. et al. Discontinuation of maintenance therapy for cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: an international observational study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 38: 565–571.
146. Vibhagool A., Sungkanuparph S., Mootsikapun P. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for cryptococcal meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: a prospective, multicenter, randomized study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 36: 1329–1331.
147. Rambeloarisoa J., Batisse D., Thiebaut J.B. et al. Intramedullary abscess resulting from disseminated cryptococcosis despite immune restoration in a patient with AIDS. J. Infect. 2002; 44: 185–188.
148. Breton G., Seilhean D., Cherin P. et al. Paradoxical intracranial cryptococcoma in a human immunodeficiency virusinfected man being treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. Am. J. Med. 2002; 113: 155–157.
149. Krishnarao T.V., Galgiani J.N. Comparison of the in vitro activities of the echinocandin ly303366, the pneumocandin mk-0991, and fluconazole against Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997; 41: 1957–1960.
150. Feldmesser M., Kress Y., Mednick A., Casadevall A. The effect of the echinocandin analogue caspofungin on cell wall glucan synthesis by Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Infect. Dis. 2000; 182: 1791–1795.
151. Brummer E., Kamei K., Miyaji M. Anticryptococcal activity of voriconazole against Cryptococcus neoformans var. gatti vs var. neoformans: comparison with fluconazole and effect of human serum. Mycopathologia 1998; 142: 3–7.
152. Sabatelli F., Patel R., Mann P.A. et al. In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against a large collection of clinically important molds and yeasts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006; 50: 2009–2015.
153. Sabbatani S., Manfredi R., Pavoni M. et al. Voriconazole proves effective in long-term treatment of a cerebral cryptococcoma in a chronic nephropathic hiv-negative patient, after fluconazole failure. Mycopathologia 2004; 158: 165–171.
154. Pappas P.G., Bustamante B., Ticona E. et al. Recombinant interferon-gamma 1b as adjunctive therapy for AIDS-related acute cryptococcal meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 2004; 189: 2185–2191.
155. Fessler R.D., Sobel J., Guyot L. et al. Management of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 1998; 17: 137–142.
156. Graybill J.R., Sobel J., Saag M. et al. Diagnosis and management of increased intracranial pressure in patients with aids and cryptococcal meningitis: the Niaid Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Cooperative Treatment Groups. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 30: 47–54.
157. Johnston S.R., Corbett E.L., Foster O. et al. Raised intracranial pressure and visual complications in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis. J. Infect. 1992; 24: 185–189.
158. Liliang P.C., Liang C.L., Chang W.N. et al. Shunt surgery for hydrocephalus complicating cryptococcal meningitis in human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. Clin.Infect. Dis. 2003; 37: 673–678.
159. Liliang P.C., Liang C.L., Chang W.N. et al. Use of ventriculoperitoneal shunts to treat uncontrollable intracranial hypertension in patients who have cryptococcal meningitis without hydrocephalus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 34: E64–E68.
160. Park M.K., Hospenthal D.R., Bennett J.E. Treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to cryptococcal meningitis by use of shunting. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999; 28: 629–633.
161. Macsween K.F., Bicanic T., Brouwer A.E. et al. Lumbar drainage for control of raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure in cryptococcal meningitis: case report and review. J. Infect. 2005; 51: e221–e224.
162. Manosuthi W., Sungkanuparph S., Chottanapund S. et al. Temporary external lumbar drainage for reducing elevated intracranial pressure in HIV-infected patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Int. J. STD AIDS 2008; 19: 268–271.
163. Newton P.N., Thai le H., Tip N.Q. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of acetazolamide for the treatment of elevated intracranial pressure in cryptococcal meningitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 35: 769–772.
164. Seaton R.A., Verma N., Naraqi S. et al. The effect of corticosteroids on visual loss in Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii meningitis. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1997; 91: 50–52.
165. Singh N., Lortholary O., Alexander B.D. et al. An immune reconstitution syndrome-like illness associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in organ transplant recipients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 40: 1756–1761.
166. Ecevit I.Z., Clancy C.J., Schmalfuss I.M., Nguyen M.H. The poor prognosis of central nervous system cryptococcosis among nonimmunosuppressed patients: a call for better disease recognition and evaluation of adjuncts to antifungal therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006; 42: 1443–1447.
167. Perfect J.R., Cox G.M., Lee J.Y. et al. The impact of culture isolation of Aspergillus species: a hospital-based survey of aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001; 33: 1824–1833.
168. Patterson T.F., Kirkpatrick W.R., White M. et al. Invasive aspergillosis: disease spectrum, treatment practices, and outcomes. I3 Aspergillus Study Group Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79: 250–260.
169. Soubani A.O., Chandrasekar P.H. The clinical spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis. Chest 2002; 121: 1988–1999.
170. Marr K.A., Crippa F., Leisenring W. et al. Itraconazole versus fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections in patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplants. Blood 2004; 103: 1527–1533.
171. Winston D.J., Maziarz R.T., Chandrasekar P.H. et al. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous and oral fluconazole for long-term antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients: a multicenter, randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2003; 138: 705–713.
172. Ullmann A.J., Lipton J.H., Vesole D.H. et al. Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graftversus-host disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356: 335–347. American Thoracic Society Documents 125.
173. Cornely O.A., Maertens J., Winston D.J. et al. Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356: 348–359.
174. van Burik J.A., Ratanatharathorn V., Stepan D.E. et al. Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39: 1407–1416.
175. Centers for disease control and prevention. Guidelines for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 1997; 46: 1–79.
176. Mennink5Kersten M.A., Verweij P.E. Non-culture-based diagnostics for opportunistic fungi. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 2006; 20: 711–727.
177. Maertens J., Theunissen K., Verhoef G. et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 41: 1242–1250.
178. Hebart H., Klingspor L., Klingebiel T. et al. A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing PCR-based and empirical treatment with liposomal amphotericin b in patients after allo-sct. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009; 43: 553–561.
179. Cordonnier C., Pautas C., Maury S. et al. Empirical versus preemptive antifungal therapy for high-risk, febrile, neutropenic patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009; 48: 1042–1051.
180. Stevens D.A., Kan V.L., Judson M.A. et al. Practice guidelines for diseases caused by Aspergillus: Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 30: 696–709.
181. Herbrecht R., Denning D.W., Patterson T.F. et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002; 347: 408–415.
182. Steinbach W.J., Stevens D.A., Denning D.W., Moss R.B. Advances against aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 37: S155–S156.
183. Wong5Beringer A., Jacobs R.A., Guglielmo B.J. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: clinical efficacy and toxicities. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1998; 27: 603–618.
184. Graybill J.R., Tollemar J., Torres5Rodriguez J.M. et al. Antifungal compounds: controversies, queries and conclusions. Med. Mycol. 2000; 38: 323–333.
185. Dix S.P., Andriole V.T. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B. Curr. Clin. Top. Infect. Dis. 2000; 20: 1–23.
186. Cornely O.A., Maertens J., Bresnik M. et al. Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (ambiload trial). Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007; 44: 1289–1297.
187. Iwen P.C., Rupp M.E., Langnas A.N. et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis due to aspergillus terreus: 12-year experience and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1998; 26: 1092–1097.
188. Cuenca5Estrella M., Rodriguez5Tudela J.L., Mellado E. et al. Comparison of the in-vitro activity of voriconazole (uk-109,496), itraconazole and amphotericin B against clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1998; 42: 531–533.
189. Clancy C.J., Nguyen M.H. In vitro efficacy and fungicidal activity of voriconazole against Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1998; 17: 573–575.
190. Espinel5Ingroff A. In vitro activity of the new triazole voriconazole (uk-109, 496) against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and common and emerging yeast pathogens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1998; 36: 198–202.
191. Espinel5Ingroff A., Boyle K., Sheehan D.J. In vitro antifungal activities of voriconazole and reference agents as determined by NCCLS methods: review of the literature. Mycopathologia 2001; 150: 101–115.
192. Verweij P.E., Mensink M., Rijs A.J. et al. In-vitro activities of amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole against 150 clinical and environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1998; 42: 389–392.
193. Sutton D.A., Sanche S.E., Revankar S.G. et al. In vitro amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Aspergillus terreus, with a head-to-head comparison to voriconazole. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999; 37: 2343–2345.
194. Cacciapuoti A., Loebenberg D., Corcoran E. et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of sch 56592 (posaconazole), a new triazole antifungal agent, against Aspergillus and Candida. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000; 44: 2017–2022.
195. Petraitiene R., Petraitis V., Groll A.H. et al. Antifungal activity and pharmacokinetics of posaconazole (sch 56592) in treatment and prevention of experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: correlation with galactomannan antigenemia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2001; 45: 857–869.
196. Kirkpatrick W.R., McAtee R.K., Fothergill A.W. et al. Efficacy of sch-56592 in a rabbit model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000; 44: 780–782.
197. Oakley K.L., Morrissey G., Denning D.W. Efficacy of sch-56592 in a temporarily neutropenic murine model of invasive aspergillosis with an itraconazole-susceptible and an itraconazole-resistant isolate of Aspergillus fumigatus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1997; 41: 1504–1507.
198. Imai J.K., Singh G., Clemons K.V., Stevens D.A. Efficacy of posaconazole in a murine model of central nervous system aspergillosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2004; 48: 4063–4066.
199. Maertens J., Raad I., Petrikkos G. et al. Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39: 1563–1571.
200. Maertens J., Glasmacher A., Herbrecht R. et al. Multicenter, noncomparative study of caspofungin in combination with other antifungals as salvage therapy in adults with invasive aspergillosis. Cancer 2006; 107: 2888–2897.
201. Lewis R.E., Kontoyiannis D.P. Rationale for combination antifungal therapy. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21: 149S–164S.
202. Kontoyiannis D.P., Hachem R., Lewis R.E. et al. Efficacy and toxicity of caspofungin in combination with liposomal amphotericin B as primary or salvage treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Cancer 2003; 98: 292–299.
203. Sugar A.M. Use of amphotericin B with azole antifungal drugs: what are we doing? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1995; 39: 1907–1912.
204. Popp A.I., White M.H., Quadri T. et al. Amphotericin B with and without itraconazole for invasive aspergillosis: a threeyear retrospective study. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 1999; 3: 157–160.
205. Marr K.A., Boeckh M., Carter R.A. et al. Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39: 797–802.
206. Stevens D.A., Kullberg B.J., Brummer E. et al. Combined treatment: antifungal drugs with antibodies, cytokines or drugs. Med. Mycol. 2000; 38: 305–315.
207. Nucci M., Pulcheri W., Bacha P.C. et al. Amphotericin B followed by itraconazole in the treatment of disseminated fungal infections in neutropenic patients. Mycoses 1994; 37: 433–437.
208. Roilides E., Pizzo P.A. Modulation of host defenses by cytokines: evolving adjuncts in prevention and treatment of serious infections in immunocompromised hosts. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1992; 15: 508–524.
209. Latge J.P. Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 1999; 12: 310–350.
210. Rowe J.M., Andersen J.W., Mazza J.J. et al. A randomized placebo-controlled phase III study of granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor in adult patients (55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia: a study of the eastern cooperative oncology group (e1490). Blood 1995; 86: 457–462.
211. Albelda S.M., Talbot G.H., Gerson S.L. et al. Pulmonary cavitation and massive hemoptysis in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: influence of bone marrow recovery in patients with acute leukemia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985; 131: 115–120.
212. Groll A., Renz S., Gerein V. et al. Fatal haemoptysis associated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis treated with highdose amphotericin B and granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor (GM-CSF).Mycoses 1992; 35: 67–75.
213. The international chronic granulomatous disease cooperative study group. A controlled trial of interferon gamma to prevent infection in chronic granulomatous disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991; 324: 509–516.
214. Denning D.W., Munoz P. Advances in invasive fungal infection and antifungal therapy: introduction. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2001; 7: vi.
215. Binder R.E., Faling L.J., Pugatch R.D. et al. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: a discrete clinical entity. Medicine (Baltimore) 1982; 61: 109–124.
216. Saraceno J.L., Phelps D.T., Ferro T.J. et al. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: approach to management. Chest 1997; 112: 541–548.
217. Caras W.E., Pluss J.L. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: pathologic outcome after itraconazole therapy. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1996; 71: 25–30.
218. Caras W.E. Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: approach to management. Chest 1998; 113: 852–853.
219. Dupont B. Itraconazole therapy in aspergillosis: study in 49 patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1990; 23: 607–614.
220. Seaton A., Seaton R.A., Wightman A.J. Management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis without maintenance oral corticosteroids: a fifteen-year follow-up. Quart. J. Med. 1994; 87: 529–537.
221. Greenberger P.A. Diagnosis and management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Allergy Proc. 1994; 15: 335–339.
222. Behera D., Guleria R., Jindal S.K. et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a retrospective study of 35 cases. Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci. 1994; 36: 173–179.
223. Imbeault B., Cormier Y. Usefulness of inhaled high-dose corticosteroids in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Chest 1993; 103: 1614–1617.
224. Patterson R., Greenberger P. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Arerugi 1987; 36: 967–969.
225. Laufer P. Assessment of corticosteroid therapy for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with cystic fibrosis. J. Asthma 1985; 22: 253–255.
226. Judson M.A., Stevens D.A. Current pharmacotherapy of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2001; 2: 1065–1071.
227. Stevens D.A., Moss R.B., Kurup V.P. et al. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in cystic fibrosis–state of the art: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation consensus conference. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 37: S225–S264.
228. Stevens D.A., Schwartz H.J., Lee J.Y. et al. A randomized trial of itraconazole in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 342: 756–762.
229. van der Ent C.K., Hoekstra H., Rijkers G.T. Successful treatment of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with recombinant anti-ige antibody. Thorax 2007; 62: 76–277.
230. Zmeili O.S., Soubani A.O. Pulmonary aspergillosis: a clinical update. Quart. J. Med. 2007; 100: 317–334.
231. Addrizzo5Harris D.J., Harkin T.J., McGuinness G. et al. Pulmonary aspergilloma and AIDS: a comparison of HIVinfected and HIV-negative individuals. Chest 1997; 111: 612–618.
232. Mori T., Ebe T., Isonuma H. et al. Aspergilloma: comparison of treatment methods and prognoses. J. Infect. Chemother 2000; 6: 233–239.
233. Judson M.A., Stevens D.A. The treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma. Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs 2001; 2: 1375–1377.
234. Kawamura S.,Maesaki S., Tomono K. et al. Clinical evaluation of 61 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma. Intern. Med. 2000; 39: 209–212.
235. Otani Y., Yoshida I., Ohki S. et al. Arterial embolization as preoperative treatment for pulmonary aspergillosis with hemoptysis. Surg. Today 1997; 27: 812–815.
236. Cremaschi P., Nascimbene C., Vitulo P. et al. Therapeutic embolization of bronchial artery: a successful treatment in 209 cases of relapse hemoptysis. Angiology 1993; 44: 295–299.
237. Kato A., Kudo S., Matsumoto K. et al. Bronchial artery embolization for hemoptysis due to benign diseases: immediate and long-term results. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2000; 23: 351–357.
238. Regnard J.F., Icard P., Nicolosi M. et al. Aspergilloma: a series of 89 surgical cases. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2000; 69: 898–903.
239. Al5Kattan K., Ashour M., Hajjar W. et al. Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma in post-tuberculous vs. immunocompromised patients. Eur. J. Cardiothorac Surg. 2001; 20: 728–733.
240. Babatasi G., Massetti M., Chapelier A. et al. Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma: current outcome. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2000; 119: 906–912.
241. Kaestel M., Meyer W., Mittelmeier H.O., Gebhardt C. Pulmonary aspergilloma: clinical findings and surgical treatment. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1999; 47: 340–345.
242. Itoh T., Yamada H., Yamaguchi A. et al. Percutaneous intracavitary antifungals for a patient with pulmonary aspergilloma; with a special reference to in vivo efficacies and in vitro susceptibility results. Intern. Med. 1995; 34: 85–88.
243. Munk P.L., Vellet A.D., Rankin R.N. et al. Intracavitary aspergilloma: transthoracic percutaneous injection of amphotericin gelatin solution. Radiology 1993; 188: 821–823.
244. Klein J.S., Fang K., Chang M.C. Percutaneous transcatheter treatment of an intracavitary aspergilloma. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 1993; 16: 321–324.
245. Greenberger P.A. Mold-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2004; 25: 219–223.
246. Pappas P.G., Rex J.H., Lee J. et al. A prospective observational study of candidemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 37: 634–643.
247. Wisplinghoff H., Bischoff T., Tallent S.M. et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in us hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 39: 309–317.
248. Pappas P.G., Kauffman C.A., Andes D. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clin. Infect. Dis. 2009; 48: 503–535.
249. Ostrosky5Zeichner L., Pappas P.G. Invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 34: 857–863.
250. Chow J.K., Golan Y., Ruthazer R. et al. Factors associated with candidemia caused by non-albicans Candida species versus Candida albicans in the intensive care unit. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008; 46: 1206–1213.
251. Rex J.H., Bennett J.E., Sugar A.M. et al. Arandomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia: Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 331: 1325–1330.
252. Nguyen M.H., Peacock J.E. Jr, Tanner D.C. et al. Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia: evaluation in a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Arch. Intern. Med. 1995; 155: 2429–2435.
253. Anaissie E.J., Vartivarian S.E., Abi5Said D. et al. Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of hematogenous candidiasis: a matched cohort study. Am. J. Med. 1996; 101: 170–176.
254. Kuse E.R., Chetchotisakd P., da Cunha C.A. et al. Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: a phase III randomized double-blind trial. Lancet 2007; 369: 1519–1527.
255. Pappas P.G., Rotstein C.M., Betts R.F. et al. Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007; 45: 883–893.
256. Betts R., Glasmacher A., Maertens J. et al. Efficacy of caspofungin against invasive candida or invasive Aspergillus infections in neutropenic patients. Cancer 2006; 106: 466–473.
257. Luzzati R., Amalfitano G., Lazzarini L. et al. Nosocomial candidemia in non-neutropenic patients at an italian tertiary care hospital. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2000; 19: 602–607.
258. Rex J.H., Bennett J.E., Sugar A.M. et al. Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidemia: Niaid Mycoses Study Group and the Candidemia Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995; 21: 994–996.
259. Nucci M., Anaissie E. Should vascular catheters be removed from all patients with candidemia? An evidence-based review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 34: 591–599.
260. Walsh T.J., Rex J.H. All catheter-related candidemia is not the same: assessment of the balance between the risks and benefits of removal of vascular catheters. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 34: 600–602.
261. Pappas P.G., Rex J.H., Sobel J.D. et al. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004; 38: 161–189.
262. Buchner T., Fegeler W., Bernhardt H. et al. American Thoracic Society Documents 127 Treatment of severe Candida infections in high-risk patients in Germany: consensus formed by a panel of interdisciplinary investigators. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2002; 21: 337–352.
263. Krishna R., Amuh D., Lowder C.Y. et al. Should all patients with candidaemia have an ophthalmic examination to rule out ocular candidiasis? Eye (Lond) 2000; 14: 30–34.
264. Ostrosky5Zeichner L., Sable C., Sobel J. et al. Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomial invasive candidiasis in the intensive care setting. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2007; 26: 271–276.
265. Schuster M.G., Edwards J.E. Jr, Sobel J.D. et al. Empirical fluconazole versus placebo for intensive care unit patients: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2008; 149: 83–90.
266. Masur H., Rosen P.P., Armstrong D. Pulmonary disease caused by Candida species. Am. J. Med. 1977; 63: 914–925.
267. Kontoyiannis D.P., Reddy B.T., Torres H.A. et al. Pulmonary candidiasis in patients with cancer: an autopsy study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 34: 400–403.
268. Haron E., Vartivarian S., Anaissie E. et al. Primary Candida pneumonia: experience at a large cancer center and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993; 72: 137–142.
269. Cairns M.R., Durack D.T. Fungal pneumonia in the immunocompromised host. Semin. Respir. Infect. 1986; 1: 166–185.
270. Zeluff B.J. Fungal pneumonia in transplant recipients. Semin. Respir. Infect. 1990; 5: 80–89.
271. Edman J.C., Kovacs J.A., Masur H. et al. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature 1988; 334: 519–522.
272. Bartlett M.S., Queener S.F., Shaw M.M. et al. Pneumocystis carinii is resistant to imidazole antifungal agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1994; 38: 1859–1861.
273. Thomas C.F. Jr, Limper A.H. Current insights into the biology and pathogenesis of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Nature Rev. Microbiol. 2007; 5: 298–308.
274. Thomas C.F. Jr., Limper A.H. Pneumocystis pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 350: 2487–2498.
275. National Institutes of Health-University of California expert panel for corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia. Consensus statement on the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 323: 1500–1504.
276. Bozzette S.A., Sattler F.R., Chiu J. et al. A controlled trial of early adjunctive treatment with corticosteroids for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: California Collaborative Treatment Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 323: 1451–1457.
277. Pareja J.G., Garland R., Koziel H. Use of adjunctive corticosteroids in severe adult non-HIV Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1998; 113: 1215–1224.
278. Masur H., Kovacs J.A. Treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 1988; 2: 419–428.
279. Ledergerber B., Mocroft A., Reiss P. et al. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV infection who have a response to antiretroviral therapy: eight European study groups. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001; 344: 168–174.
280. Zellweger C., Opravil M., Bernasconi E. et al. Long-term safety of discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis pneumonia: prospective multicentre study. AIDS 2004; 18: 2047–2053.
281. Yale S.H., Limper A.H. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1996; 71: 5–13.
282. Sepkowitz K.A. Opportunistic infections in patients with and patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2002; 34: 1098–1107.
283. Sepkowitz K.A., Brown A.E., Telzak E.E. et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among patients without AIDS at a cancer hospital. J.A.M.A. 1992; 267: 832–837.
284. Godeau B., Coutant5Perronne V., Le Thi Huong D. et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the course of connective tissue disease: report of 34 cases. J. Rheumatol. 1994; 21: 246–251.
285. Velayos F.S., Sandborn W.J. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during maintenance anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy with infliximab for Crohn’s disease. Inflamm. Bowel. Dis. 2004; 10: 657–660.
286. Hughes W.T., Rivera G.K., Schell M.J. et al. Successful intermittent chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987; 316: 1627–1632.
287. Souza J.P., Boeckh M., Gooley T.A. et al. High rates of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients receiving dapsone prophylaxis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1999; 29: 1467–1471.
288. Vasconcelles M.J., Bernardo M.V., King C. et al. Aerosolized pentamidine as Pneumocystis prophylaxis after bone marrow transplantation is inferior to other regimens and is associatedwith decreased survival and an increased risk of other infections. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. 2000; 6: 35–43.
289. Bozzette S.A., Finkelstein D.M., Spector S.A. et al. A randomized trial of three antipneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: Niaid AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 332: 693–699.
290. Langford C.A., Talar5Williams C., Barron K.S., Sneller M.C. Use of a cyclophosphamide-induction methotrexate-maintenance regimen for the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis: extended follow-up and rate of relapse. Am. J. Med. 2003; 114: 463–469.
291. Rains B.M. III, Mineck C.W. Treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis with high-dose itraconazole. Am. J. Rhinol. 2003; 17: 1–8.
292. Perfect J.R. Treatment of non-Aspergillus moulds in immunocompromised patients, with amphotericin B lipid complex. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 40: S401–S408.
293. Herbrecht R., Letscher5Bru V., Bowden R.A. et al. Treatment of 21 cases of invasive mucormycosis with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2001; 20: 460–466.
294. Larkin J., Montero J.A. Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex for zygomycosis. Infect. Med. 2003; 20: 210–216.
295. Chamilos G., Lewis R.E., Kontoyiannis D.P. Delaying amphotericin B-based frontline therapy significantly increases mortality among patients with hematologic malignancy who have zygomycosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2008; 47: 503–509.
296. Herbrecht R. Posaconazole: a potent, extended-spectrum triazole antifungal for the treatment of serious fungal infections. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2004; 58: 612–624.
297. van Burik J.A., Hare R.S., Solomon H.F. et al. Posaconazole is effective as salvage therapy in zygomycosis: a retrospective summary of 91 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006; 42: e61–e65.
298. Walsh T.J., Lutsar I., Driscoll T. et al. Voriconazole in the treatment of aspergillosis, scedosporiosis and other invasive fungal infections in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2002; 21: 240–248.
299. Raad II, Hachem R.Y., Herbrecht R. et al. Posaconazole as salvage treatment for invasive fusariosis in patients with underlying hematologic malignancy and other conditions. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2006; 42: 1398–1403.
300. Husain S., Munoz P., Forrest G. et al. Infections due to Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium prolificans in transplant recipients: clinical characteristics and impact of antifungal agent therapy on outcome. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2005; 40: 89–99.
301. Brandt M.E., Warnock D.W. Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and therapy of infections caused by dematiaceous fungi. J. Chemother. 2003; 15: 36–47.
302. Sharkey P.K., Graybill J.R., Rinaldi M.G. et al. Itraconazole treatment of phaeohyphomycosis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1990; 23: 577–586.
303. Palaoglu S., Sav A., Basak T. et al. Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. Neurosurgery 1993; 33: 894–897.
304. Girmenia C., Pagano L., Martino B. et al. Invasive infections caused by Trichosporon species and Geotrichum capitatum in patients with hematological malignancies: a retrospective multicenter study from Italy and review of the literature. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005; 43: 1818–1828.
305. Pappas P.G. Immunotherapy for invasive fungal infections: from bench to bedside. Drug Resist. Updat 2004; 7: 3–10.
Review
For citations:
Limper A.H., Knox K.S., Sarosi G.A., Ampel N.M., Bennett J.E., Catanzaro A., Davies S.F., Dismukes W.E., Hage C.A., Marr K.A., Mody C.H., Perfect J.R., Stevens D.A. Treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. PULMONOLOGIYA. 2011;(3):9-52. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2011-0-3-9-52
Views:
1027
Email this article 