Toll-подобные рецепторы в патофизиологии бронхиальной астмы

В течение последнего десятилетия темой значительного числа исследований явилась роль в патогенезе заболеваний дыхательных путей (ДП) Toll-подобных рецепторов (Toll-like-reseptors – TLRs). Представлены данные о том, что TLRs-сигнализация может быть направлена как на успешное нивелирование воспалительной реакции в ДП, так и на ее развитие и усугубление. Бронхиальная астма (БА) – хроническое воспалительное заболевание ДП, обусловленное влиянием генетических факторов, аллергенов или микробных агентов, в патогенезе которого важную роль играют TLRs. TLRs распознают широкий спектр микробных, эндогенных молекул и аллергенов воздушной среды, оказывая влияние на аллергическую сенсибилизацию. Важной особенностью TLRs является их участие в развитии иммунного ответа на вирусные и бактериальные инфекции, вызывающие тяжелые обострения БА. TLRs экспрессируются на кроветворных и негемопоэтических клетках ДП, которые при активации агонистами TLRs играют иммуномодулирующую роль в развитии БА. TLRs в настоящее время используются в качестве возможных мишеней для разработки лекарств по приине их участия во врожденном и адаптивном иммунитете и способности к регуляции адаптивного Th-ответа. Понимание механизмов и путей, с помощью которых TLRs участвуют в патогенезе БА, способствует созданию новых стратегий контроля над БА.

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