Musculoskeletal disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Musculoskeletal disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were reviewed in the article. Main risk factors of osteoporosis and peripheral musculoskeletal dysfunction in those patients are smoking, low physical activity, chronic systemic inflammation, and treatment with glucocorticoids. Low levels of vitamin D could contribute to development and progression of musculoskeletal disorders in COPD patients. The authors described main diagnostic and differentiation criteria of sarcopenia and cachexia-frailty overlap syndrome. Recently, a new term "osteosarcopenia" is used and can also be applied to COPD patients.

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