Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких: профилактика обострений. Клинические рекомендации Американской коллегии торакальных врачей и Канадского торакального общества (часть 2-я)
Аннотация
Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ) является одной из основных причин заболеваемости и летальности в США и в мире. Обострения ХОБЛ (периодическое усиление кашля, одышки и продукции мокроты) вносят серьезный вклад в снижение легочной функции, качества жизни, повышение потребности в неотложной помощи и госпитализациях, а также в стоимость лечения больных. В последние десятилетия выполнены исследования, по результатам которых существенно углубилось понимание патогенеза ХОБЛ и расширились терапевтические возможности. Накоплен также большой объем публикаций по предотвращению обострений ХОБЛ.
Материалы и методы. Для разъяснения важности предотвращения обострений ХОБЛ Американской коллегией торакальных врачей (American College of Chest Physicians – CHEST) и Канадским торакальным обществом (Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline – CTS) разработаны совместные Клинические рекомендации, в которых описан существующий сегодня подход к профилактике обострений ХОБЛ. Выделены 3 основных клинических проблемы профилактики обострений ХОБЛ на основе принципов PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome – Популяция, Вмешательства, Сравнение, Исходы) – немедикаментозное лечение, ингаляционная и пероральная терапия. Использована общепринятая система отбора соответствующих клинических исследований и оценки класса рекомендаций.
Результаты. Особенность Клинических рекомендаций по профилактике обострений ХОБЛ заключается не только в их тематике, но также в том, что они стали первым результатом сотрудничества 2 крупных торакальных обществ Северной Америки. Намерение Надзорного комитета по созданию клинических рекомендаций CHEST в сотрудничестве с Клинической ассамблеей по ХОБЛ CTS заключается в том, чтобы на основе систематического обзора и критической оценки опубликованной литературы, сделанных клиническими экспертами и исследователями в области ХОБЛ, разработать клинические рекомендации с целью помочь клиницистам в ведении пациентов с этим заболеванием.
Заключение. В данных Рекомендациях содержится современный доказательный анализ опубликованных результатов рандомизированных контролируемых исследований по профилактике обострений ХОБЛ.
Список литературы
1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Updated 2103. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. http://www.goldcopd. org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2013_Feb20.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2014.
2. Brusasco V. Reducing cholinergic constriction: the major reversible mechanism in COPD. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2006; 15 (99): 32–36.
3. Cooper C.B. Airflow obstruction and exercise. Respir. Med. 2009; 103 (3): 325–334.
4. Public Health Agency of Canada. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Public Health Agency of Canada website. http://www.phac#aspc.gc.ca/cd#mc/crd#mrc/copdmpoc#eng.php. Accessed June 28, 2012.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Health Statistics. Deaths: final data for 2009. Natl. Vital. Stat. Rep. 2012; 60 (3): 1–117.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Health Statistics. National Health Interview Survey Raw Data, 1999–2011. Analysis performed by the American Lung Association Research and Healtheducation Division using SPSS and SUDAAN software. Atlanta GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011.
7. Mannino D.M., Homa D.M., Akinbami L.J. et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance – United States, 1971–2000. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 2002; 51 (6): 1–16.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for Health Statistics. National Hospital Discharge Survey Raw Data, 1999–2010. Analysis Performed by the American Lung Association Research and Healtheducation Division Using SPSS Soft ware. Atlanta GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2010.
9. Confronting COPD in America, 2000. Schulman, Ronca and Bucuvalas, Inc. (SRBI); 2000. Funded by Glaxo SmithKline plc.
10. Mittmann N., Kuramoto L., Seung S.J. et al. The cost of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations to the Canadian healthcare system. Respir. Med. 2008; 102 (3): 413–421.
11. Chapman K.R., Bourbeau J., Rance L. The burden of COPD in Canada: results from the Confronting COPD survey. Respir. Med. 2003; 97 (Suppl. C): S23–S31.
12. Connors A.F. Jr, Dawson N.V., Thomas C. et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154 (4): 959–967.
13. Seemungal T.A., Donaldson G.C., Paul E.A. et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 157 (5): 1418–1422.
14. Miravitlles M., Murio C., Guerrero T. et al. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and COPD. Chest. 2002; 121 (5): 1449–1455.
15. Miravitlles M., García"Polo C., Domenech A. et al. Clinical outcomes and cost analysis of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lung. 2013; 191 (5): 523–530.
16. Wouters E.F. Economic analysis of the confronting COPD survey: an overview of results. Respir. Med. 2003; 97 (Suppl. C): S3–S14.
17. Celli B.R., MacNee W. ATS/ERS Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 23 (6): 932–946.
18. Maltais F., Celli B., Casaburi R. et al. Aclidinium bromide improves exercise endurance and lung hyperinflation in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Respir. Med. 2011; 105 (4): 580–587.
19. Rodriguez"Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest. 2000; 117 (5, Suppl. 2): 398S–401S.
20. Qaseem A., Wilt T.J., Weinberger S.E. et al. Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians, American College of Chest Physicians, American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society. Ann. Intern. Med. 2011; 155 (3):179–191.
21. Albert R.K., Connett J., Bailey W.C. et al. COPD Clinical Research Network. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365 (8): 689–698.
22. Calverley P., Pauwels R., Vestbo J. et al. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 361 (9356): 449–456.
23. Tashkin D.P., Celli B., Senn S. et al; UPLIFT Study Investigators. A 4"year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 359 (15): 1543–1554.
24. Lewis S.Z., Diekemper R., Ornelas J., Casey K.R. Methodologies for the development of CHEST guidelines and expert panel reports. Chest. 2014; 146 (1): 182–192.
25. Brouwers M.C., Kho M.E., Browman G.P. et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010; 182 (18): E839–E842.
26. Diekemper R., Ireland B., Merz L. P154 development of the Documentation and Appraisal Review Tool (DART) for systematic reviews [poster]. Br. Med. J. Qual. Saf. 2013; 22: 61–62.
27. Higgins J.P.T., Altman D.G., Sterne J.A.C. et al. Chapter 8: assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins J.P.T., Green S, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. London: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011.
28. Downs S.H., Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non"randomised studies of health care interventions. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 1998; 52 (6): 377–384.
29. Langer"Gould A., Popat R.A., Huang S.M. et al. Clinical and demographic predictors of long"term disability in patients with relapsing"remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Arch. Neurol. 2006; 63 (12): 1686–1691.
30. Aaron S.D., Fergusson D., Marks G.B. et al. Counting, analysing and reporting exacerbations of COPD in randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2008; 63 (2): 122–128.
31. Balshem H., Helfand M., Schünemann H.J. et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2011; 64 (4): 401–406.
32. Guyatt G., Gutterman D., Baumann M.H. et al. Grading strength of recommendations and quality of evidence in clinical guidelines: report from an American College of Chest Physicians task force. Chest. 2006; 129 (1): 174–181.
33. Graham I.D., Logan J., Harrison M.B. et al. Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map? J. Contin. Educ. Health Prof. 2006; 26 (1): 13–24.
34. Bodenheimer T., Wagner E.H., Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness. JAMA. 2002; 288 (14): 1775–1779.
35. Bodenheimer T., Wagner E.H., Grumbach K. Improving primary care for patients with chronic illness: the chronic care model, part 2. JAMA. 2002; 288 (15): 1909–1914.
36. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care (partial update). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence website. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG101/Guidance/pdf/English. Accessed May 15, 2014.
37. O’Donnell D.E., Aaron S., Bourbeau J. et al. Canadian Thoracic Society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"2007 update. Can. Respir. J. 2007; 14 (Suppl. B): 5B–32B.
38. Disler R.T., Inglis S.C., Davidson P.M. Non"pharmacological management interventions for COPD: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews (protocol). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013; (2): CD010384.
39. Kruis A.L., Smidt N., Assendelft W.J.J. et al. Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011; (10): CD009437.
40. Krumholz H.M., Currie P.M., Riegel B. et al. A taxonomy for disease management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Disease Management Taxonomy Writing Group. Circulation. 2006; 114 (13): 1432–1445.
41. Craig P., Dieppe P., Macintyre S. et al. Research Council Guidance. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. Br. Mer. J. 2008; 337: a1655.
42. Petticrew M. When are complex interventions ‘complex’? When are simple interventions ‘simple’? Eur. J. Public. Health. 2011; 21 (4): 397–398.
43. Weightman A., Ellis S., Cullum A. et al. Grading Evidence and Recommendations for Public Health Interventions: Developing and Piloting a Framework. London: Health Development Agency; 2005.
44. Vaccines and immunizations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpdvac/pneumo. Accessed March 3, 2014.
45. Lee T.A., Weaver F.M., Weiss K.B. Impact of pneumococcal vaccination on pneumonia rates in patients with COPD and asthma. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2007; 22 (1): 62–67.
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Updated recommendations for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease among adults using 23"valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23). Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2010; 59 (34): 1102–1106.
47. Bogaert D., van der Valk P., Ramdin R. et al. Hostpathogen interaction during pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Infect. Immun. 2004; 72 (2): 818–823.
48. Patel I.S., Seemungal T.A.R., Wilks M. et al. Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of COPD exacerbations. Thorax. 2002; 57 (9): 759–764.
49. Sethi S., Evans N., Grant B.J.B., Murphy T.F. New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002; 347 (7): 465–471.
50. Papi A., Bellettato C.M., Braccioni F. et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 173 (10): 1114–1121.
51. WHO recommendations for routine immunization summary tables. World Health Organization website. http://www.who.int/immunization/policy/immunization_tables/en. Accessed March 3, 2014.
52. Walters J.A., Smith S., Poole P. et al. Injectable vaccines for preventing pneumococcal infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010; (11): CD001390.
53. Dransfield M.T., Harnden S., Burton R.L. al. Long"term comparative immunogenicity of protein conjugate and free polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2012; 55 (5): e35–e44.
54. Furumoto A., Ohkusa Y., Chen M. et al. Additive effect of pneumococcal vaccine and influenza vaccine on acute exacerbation in patients with chronic lung disease. Vaccine. 2008; 26 (33): 4284–4289.
55. Fiore A.E., Uyeki T.M., Broder K. et al. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR Rec. Rep. 2010; 59 (RR"8): 1– 62.
56. Centanni S., Pregliasco F., Bonfatti C. et al. Clinical efficacy of a vaccine"immunostimulant combination in the prevention of influenza in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic asthma. J. Chemother. 1997; 9 (4): 273–278.
57. Monto A.S. Influenza: quantifying morbidity and mortality. Am. J. Med. 1987; 82 (6A): 20–25.
58. Poole P., Chacko E.E., Wood"Baker R., Cates C.J. Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006; (1): CD002733.
59. Howells C.H., Tyler L.E. Prophylactic use of influenza vaccine in patients with chronic bronchitis. A pilot trial. Lancet. 1961; 278 (7218): 1428–1432.
60. Wongsurakiat P., Maranetra K.N., Wasi C. et al. Acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study. Chest. 2004; 125 (6): 2011–2020.
61. Fletcher C., Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br. Med. J. 1977; 1 (6077): 1645–1648.
62. Hersh C.P., DeMeo D.L., Al"Ansari E. et al. Predictors of survival in severe, early onset COPD. Chest. 2004; 126 (5): 1443–1451.
63. Scanlon P.D., Connett J.E., Waller L.A. et al. Smoking cessation and lung function in mild"to"moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 161 (2): 381–390.
64. Kanner R.E., Connett J.E., Williams D.E., Buist A.S. Effects of randomized assignment to a smoking cessation intervention and changes in smoking habits on respiratory symptoms in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the Lung Health Study. Am. J. Med. 1999; 106 (4): 410–416.
65. Makris D., Moschandreas J., Damianaki A. et al. Exacerbations and lung function decline in COPD: new insights in current and ex"smokers. Respir. Med. 2007; 101 (6): 1305–1312.
66. Tashkin D., Kanner R., Bailey W. et al. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double"blind, placebo"controlled, randomised trial. Lancet. 2001; 357 (9268): 1571–1575.
67. Jiménez"Ruiz C.A., Masa F., Miravitlles M. et al. Smoking characteristics: diff erences in attitudes and dependence between healthy smokers and smokers with COPD. Chest. 2001; 119 (5): 1365–1370.
68. Strassmann R., Bausch B., Spaar A. et al. Smoking cessation interventions in COPD: a network metaanalysis of randomised trials. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 34 (3): 634–640.
69. van der Meer R.M., Wagena E.J., Ostelo R.W. et al. Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003; (2): CD002999.
70. Tønnesen P., Carrozzi L., Fagerström K.O. et al. Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory diseases: a high priority, integral component of therapy. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 29 (2): 390–417.
71. Au D.H., Bryson C.L., Chien J.W. et al. The effects of smoking cessation on the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2009; 24 (4): 457–463.
72. Christenhusz L.C., Prenger R., Pieterse M.E. et al. Costeffectiveness of an intensive smoking cessation intervention for COPD outpatients. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2012; 14 (6): 657–663.
73. Borglykke A., Pisinger C., Jørgensen T., Ibsen H. The effectiveness of smoking cessation groups offered to hospitalised patients with symptoms of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Clin. Respir. J. 2008; 2 (3): 158–165.
74. Godtfredsen N.S., Vestbo J., Osler M., Prescott E. Risk of hospital admission for COPD following smoking cessation and reduction: a Danish population study. Thorax. 2002; 57 (11): 967–972.
75. Szabo E., Mao J.T., Lam S. et al. Chemoprevention of lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidencebased clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013; 143 (5, Suppl.): e40S–e60S.
76. Spruit M.A., Singh S.J., Garvey C. et al; ATS/ERS Task Force on Pulmonary Rehabilitation. An official American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013; 188 (8): e13– e64.
77. Marciniuk D.D., Brooks D., Butcher S. et al. Optimizing pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – practical issues: a Canadian Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Can. Respir. J. 2010; 17 (4): 159–168.
78. Ries A.L., Bauldoff G.S., Carlin B.W. et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation: Joint ACCP/AACVPR evidence"based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2007; 131 (5, Suppl.): 4S–42S.
79. Lacasse Y., Goldstein R., Lasserson T.J., Martin S. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006; (4): CD003793.
80. Lacasse Y., Wong E., Guyatt G.H. et al. Meta"analysis of respiratory rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 1996; 348 (9035): 1115–1119.
81. Nici L., ZuWallack R. An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: the integrated care of the COPD patient. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2012; 9 (1): 9–18.
82. Ko F.W., Dai D.L., Ngai J. et al. Effect of early pulmonary rehabilitation on health care utilization and health status in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbations of COPD. Respirology. 2011; 16 (4): 617–624.
83. Behnke M., Taube C., Kirsten D. et al. Home"based exercise is capable of preserving hospital"based improvements in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 2000; 94 (12): 1184–1191.
84. Murphy N., Bell C., Costello R.W. Extending a home from hospital care programme for COPD exacerbations to include pulmonary rehabilitation. Respir. Med. 2005; 99 (10): 1297–1302.
85. Ringbaek T., Brondum E., Martinez G. et al. Long"term effects of 1"year maintenance training on physical functioning and health status in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled study. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. Prev. 2010; 30 (1): 47–52.
86. Román M., Larraz C., Gómez A. et al. Efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Fam. Pract. 2013; 14: 21.
87. Man W.D., Polkey M.I., Donaldson N. et al. Community pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomised controlled study. Br. Med. J. 2004; 329 (7476): 1209.
88. Seymour J.M., Moore L., Jolley C.J. et al. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation following acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax. 2010; 65 (5): 423–428.
89. Boxall A.M., Barclay L., Sayers A., Caplan G.A. Managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the community. A randomized controlled trial of home"based pulmonary rehabilitation for elderly housebound patients. J. Cardiopulm. Rehabil. 2005; 25 (6): 378–385.
90. Eaton T., Young P., Fergusson W. et al. Does early pulmonary rehabilitation reduce acute health"care utilization in COPD patients admitted with an exacerbation? A randomized controlled study. Respirology. 2009; 14 (2): 230–238.
91. Puhan M.A., Gimeno"Santos E., Scharplatz M. et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011; (10): CD005305.
92. Wagner E.H. Chronic disease management: what will it take to improve care for chronic illness? Eff. Clin. Pract. 1998; 1 (1): 2–4.
93. Case Management Society of America. What is a case manager? Case Management Society of America website. http://www.cmsa.org/Home/CMSA/WhatisaCaseManager/ tabid/224/Default.aspx. Accessed March 18, 2014.
94. Zwerink M., Brusse"Keizer M., van der Valk P.D. et al. Self management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014; (3): CD002990.
95. Jarab A.S., Alqudah S.G., Khdour M. et al. Impact of pharmaceutical care on health outcomes in patients with COPD. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2012; 34 (1): 53–62.
96. Farrero E., Escarrabill J., Prats E. et al. Impact of a hospital"based home"care program on the management of COPD patients receiving long"term oxygen therapy. Chest. 2001; 119 (2): 364–369.
97. Lainscak M., Kadivec S., Kosnik M. et al. Discharge coordinator intervention prevents hospitalizations in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2013; 14 (6): 450.e1– 450.e6.
98. Smith B.J., Appleton S.L., Bennett P.W. et al. The effect of a respiratory home nurse intervention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 1999; 29 (5): 718–725.
99. Soler J.J., Martínez"García M.A., Román P. et al. Effectiveness of a specific program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and frequent exacerbations. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2006; 42 (10): 501–508 (in Spanish).
100. Gallefoss F. The effects of patient education in COPD in a 1"year follow"up randomised, controlled trial. Patient Educ. Couns. 2004; 52 (3): 259–266.
101. McGeoch G.R., Willsman K.J., Dowson C.A. et al. Selfmanagement plans in the primary care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology. 2006;11 (5): 611–618.
102. Wakabayashi R., Motegi T., Yamada K. et al. Efficient integrated education for older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using the Lung Information Needs Questionnaire. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2011; 11 (4):422–430.
103. Wood"Baker R., McGlone S., Venn A., Walters E.H. Written action plans in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increase appropriate treatment for acute exacerbations. Respirology. 2006; 11 (5): 619–626.
104. Bourbeau J., Julien M., Maltais F. et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease axis of the Respiratory Network Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec. Reduction of hospital utilization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a diseasespecific self"management intervention. Arch. Intern. Med. 2003; 163 (5): 585–591.
105. Casas A., Troosters T., Garcia"Aymerich J. et al. Integrated care prevents hospitalisations for exacerbations in COPD patients. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 28 (1): 123–130.
106. Fan V.S., Gaziano J.M., Lew R. et al. A comprehensive care management program to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2012; 156 (10): 673–683.
107. Khdour M.R., Kidney J.C., Smyth B.M., McElnay J.C. Clinical pharmacy"led disease and medicine management programme for patients with COPD. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009; 68 (4): 588–598.
108. Rea H., McAuley S., Stewart A. et al. A chronic disease management programme can reduce days in hospital for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intern. Med. J. 2004; 34 (11): 608–614.
109. Rice K.L., Dewan N., Bloomfield H.E. et al. Disease management program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010; 182 (7): 890–896.
110. Trappenburg J.C., Monninkhof E.M., Bourbeau J. et al. Effect of an action plan with ongoing support by a case manager on exacerbation"related outcome in patients with COPD: a multicenter randomised controlled trial. Thorax. 2011; 66 (11): 977–984.
111. Walters J., Cameron"Tucker H., Wills K. et al. Effects of telephone health mentoring in community"recruited chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on self"management capacity, quality of life and psychological morbidity: a randomised controlled trial. Br. Med. J. Open. 2013; 3 (9): e003097.
112. Bischoff E.W., Akkermans R., Bourbeau J. et al. Comprehensive self management and routine monitoring in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in general practice: randomised controlled trial. Br. Med. J. 2012; 345: e7642.
113. Coultas D., Frederick J., Barnett B. et al. A randomized trial of two types of nurse"assisted home care for patients with COPD. Chest. 2005; 128 (4): 2017–2024.
114. Gadoury M.A., Schwartzman K., Rouleau M. et al; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease axis of the Respiratory Health Network, Fonds de la recherche en Santé du Québec (FRSQ). Self"management reduces both short" and long"term hospitalisation in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 26 (5): 853–857.
115. Hermiz O., Comino E., Marks G. et al. Randomised controlled trial of home based care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Br. Med. J. 2002; 325 (7370): 938.
116. Telemedicine: opportunities and developments in member states. Report on the second global survey on eHealth. World Health Organization website. http://www.who.int/ goe/publications/goe_telemedicine_2010.pdf. Accessed March 13, 2014.
117. What is telemedicine? American Telemedicine Association website. http://www.americantelemed.org/about#telemedicine/what#is#telemedi cine. Accessed March 13, 2014.
118. de Toledo P., Jiménez S., del Pozo F. et al. Telemedicine experience for chronic care in COPD. IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. 2006; 10 (3): 567–573.
119. Vitacca M., Bianchi L., Guerra A. et al. Tele"assistance in chronic respiratory failure patients: a randomised clinical trial. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 33 (2): 411–418.
120. Wong K.W., Wong F.K., Chan M.F. Effects of nurse"initiated telephone follow"up on self"efficacy among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Adv. Nurs. 2005; 49 (2): 210–222.
121. McLean S., Nurmatov U., Liu J.L. et al. Telehealthcare for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011; (7): CD007718.
122. Antoniades N.C., Rochford P.D., Pretto J.J. et al. Pilot study of remote telemonitoring in COPD. Telemed. J. E. Health. 2012; 18 (8): 634–640.
123. Chau J.P., Lee D.T., Yu D.S. et al. A feasibility study to investigate the acceptability and potential effectiveness of a telecare service for older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Med. Inform. 2012; 81 (10): 674–682.
124. Dinesen B., Haesum L.K., Soerensen N. et al. Using preventive home monitoring to reduce hospital admission rates and reduce costs: a case study of telehealth among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. J. Telemed. Telecare. 2012; 18 (4): 221–225.
125. Gellis Z.D., Kenaley B., McGinty J. et al. Outcomes of a telehealth intervention for homebound older adults with heart or chronic respiratory failure: a randomized controlled trial. Gerontologist. 2012; 52 (4): 541–552.
126. Haesum L.K., Soerensen N., Dinesen B. et al. Cost"utility analysis of a telerehabilitation program: a case study of COPD patients. Telemed. J. E. Health. 2012; 18 (9): 688–692.
127. Halpin D.M., Laing"Morton T., Spedding S. et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of automated interactive calling combined with a health risk forecast on frequency and severity of exacerbations of COPD assessed clinically and using EXACT PRO. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2011; 20 (3): 324–331.
128. Henderson C., Knapp M., Fernández J.L. et al. Cost effectiveness of telehealth for patients with long term conditions (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested economic evaluation in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. Br. Med. J. 2013; 346: f1035.
129. Holland A. Telehealth reduces hospital admission rates in patients with COPD. J. Physiother. 2013; 59 (2): 129.
130. Jódar"Sánchez F., Ortega F., Parra C. et al. Implementation of a telehealth programme for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with long"term oxygen therapy. J. Telemed. Telecare. 2013; 19 (1): 11–17.
131. Koff P.B., Jones R.H., Cashman J.M. et al. Proactive integrated care improves quality of life in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 33 (5): 1031–1038.
132. Lewis K.E., Annandale J.A., Warm D.L. et al. Does home telemonitoring after pulmonary rehabilitation reduce healthcare use in optimized COPD? A pilot randomized trial. COPD. 2010; 7 (1): 44–50.
133. Paré G., Poba"Nzaou P., Sicotte C. et al. Comparing the costs of home telemonitoring and usual care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. Eur. Res. Telemed. 2013; 2 (2): 35– 47.
134. Pedone C., Chiurco D., Scarlata S., Incalzi R.A. Efficacy of multiparametric telemonitoring on respiratory outcomes in elderly people with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2013; 13: 82.
135. Pinnock H., Hanley J., Lewis S. et al. The impact of a telemetric chronic obstructive pulmonary disease monitoring service: randomised controlled trial with economic evaluation and nested qualitative study. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2009; 18 (3): 233–235.
136. Shany T., Hession M., Pryce D. et al. Home telecare study for patients with chronic lung disease in the Sydney West Area Health Service. Stud. Health Technol. Inform. 2010; 161: 139–148.
137. Sorknaes A.D., Madsen H., Hallas J. et al. Nurse teleconsultations with discharged COPD patients reduce early readmissions"an interventional study. Clin. Respir. J. 2011; 5 (1): 26–34.
138. Steventon A., Bardsley M., Billings J. et al. Effect of telehealth on use of secondary care and mortality: findings from the Whole System Demonstrator cluster randomised trial. Br. Med. J. 2012; 344: e3874.
139. Venter A., Burns R., Hefford M., Ehrenberg N. Results of a telehealthenabled chronic care management service to support people with long"term conditions at home. J. Telemed. Telecare. 2012; 18 (3): 172–175.
140. Wootton R. Twenty years of telemedicine in chronic disease management – an evidence synthesis. J. Telemed. Telecare. 2012; 18 (4): 211–220.
141. Kew K.M., Mavergames C., Walters J.A. Long"acting beta2"agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013; (10): CD010177.
142. Vestbo J., Hurd S.S., Agustí A.G. et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013; 187 (4): 347–365.
143. Barr R.G., Bourbeau J., Camargo C.A., Ram F.S. Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta"analysis. Thorax. 2006; 61 (10): 854–862.
144. Singh S., Loke Y.K., Enright P.L., Furberg C.D. Mortality associated with tiotropium mist inhaler in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and meta"analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br. Med. J. 2011; 342: d3215.
145. Wise R.A., Anzueto A., Cotton D. et al. Tiotropium Respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 369 (16): 1491–1501.
146. Karner C., Chong J., Poole P. Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; (7): CD009285.
147. O′Donnell D.E., Hernandez P., Kaplan A. et al. Canadian Thoracic Society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – 2008 update – highlights for primary care. Can. Respir. J. 2008; 15 (Suppl. A): 1A–8A.
148. O′Donnell D.E., Flüge T., Gerken F. et al. Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 23 (6): 832–840.
149. Celli B., ZuWallack R., Wang S., Kesten S. Improvement in resting inspiratory capacity and hyperinflation with tiotropium in COPD patients with increased static lung volumes. Chest. 2003; 124 (5): 1743–1748.
150. O′Donnell D.E., Voduc N., Fitzpatrick M., Webb K.A. Effect of salmeterol on the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 24 (1): 86–94.
151. Calverley P.M., Anderson J.A., Celli B. et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356 (8): 775–789.
152. Chong J., Karner C., Poole P. Tiotropium versus long"acting beta"agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; (9): CD009157.
153. Vogelmeier C., Hederer B., Glaab T. et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364 (12): 1093–1103.
154. Appleton S., Jones T., Poole P. et al. Ipratropium bromide versus long"acting beta"2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006; (3): CD006101.
155. Brown D. et al. A randomized, double blind, parallel, multi"centre comparison of inhalation solution with albuterol inhalation solution following single"dose and chronic administration (85 days) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Boehringer Ingelheim unpublished report USA U91"0865; 1991.
156. Brown D. et al. A randomized, double blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of Atrovent (ipratropium bromide) inhalation solution with metaproterenol inhalation solution following single"dose and chronic administration (85 days) in patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Boehringer Ingelheim unpublished report USA U91"0866; 1991.
157. Friedman M. A multicenter study of nebulized bronchodilator solutions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Med. 1996; 100 (Suppl. 1): S30–S39.
158. Rennard S.I., Serby C.W., Ghafouri M. et al. Extended therapy with ipratropium is associated with improved lung function in patients with COPD: A retrospective analysis of data from seven clinical trials. Chest. 1996; 110 (1): 62–70.
159. Tashkin D.P., Ashutosh K., Bleecker E.R. et al. Comparison of the anticholinergic bronchodilator ipratropium bromide with metaproterenol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A 90"day multi"center study. Am. J. Med. 1986; 81 (5A): 81–90.
160. Tashkin D.P., Bleecker E., Braun S. et al. Results of a multicenter study of nebulized inhalant bronchodilator solutions. Am. J. Med. 1996; 100 (Suppl. 1): S62–S69.
161. COMBIVENT Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone. An 85"day multicenter trial. Chest. 1994; 105 (5): 1411–1419.
162. COMBIVENT Inhalation Solution Study Group. Routine nebulized ipratropium and albuterol together are better than either alone in COPD. Chest. 1997; 112 (6): 1514–1521.
163. Colice G.L. Nebulized bronchodilators for outpatient management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Med. 1996; 100 (Suppl. 1): S11–S18.
164. Campbell S. For COPD a combination of ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate is more effective than albuterol base. Arch. Intern. Med. 1999; 159 (2): 156–160.
165. Alexander K.M. et al. A randomized, double blind, parallel, multicenter comparison of Combivent (ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate) inhalation solution with its components following single"dose and chronic administration (85 days) in patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Boehringer Ingelheim unpublished report: USA U92"0801; 1992.
166. Gross N., Tashkin D., Miller R et al. Inhalation by nebulization of albuterol"ipratropium combination (Dey combination) is superior to either agent alone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 1998; 65 (5): 354–362.
167. Levin D.C., Little K.S., Laughlin K.R. et al. Addition of anticholinergic solution prolongs bronchodilator effect of beta"2 agonists in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Med. 1996; 100 (Suppl. 1): S40–S48.
168. van Noord J.A., Bantje T.A., Eland M.E. et al. A randomised controlled comparison of tiotropium and ipratropium in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2000; 55(4): 289–294.
169. Mahler D.A., Donohue J.F., Barbee R.A. et al. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 1999; 115 (4): 957–965.
170. Cramer J.A., Bradley"Kennedy C., Scalera A. Treatment persistence and compliance with medications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can. Respir. J. 2007; 14 (1): 25–29.
171. O’Donnell D.E., Revill S.M., Webb K.A. Dynamic hyperinflation and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164 (5): 770–777.
172. Anthonisen N.R., Connett J.E., Kiley J.P. et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA. 1994; 272 (19): 1497–1505.
173. Cheyne L., Irvin"Sellers M.J., White J. Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2013; (9): CD009552.
174. Loke Y.K., Singh S., Furberg C.D. Tiotropium and the risk of death in COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (5): 480–481.
175. Verhamme K.M., van Blijderveen N., Sturkenboom M.C. Tiotropium and the risk of death in COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (5): 481–482.
176. Jenkins C.R. Tiotropium and the risk of death in COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (5): 482–483.
177. Sethi S., Mahler D.A., Marcus P. et al. Inflammation in COPD: implications for management. Am. J. Med. 2012;125 (12): 1162–1170.
178. Izquierdo Alonso J.L., Rodíguez Glez"Moro J.M. The excessive use of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2012; 48 (6): 207–212.
179. de Miguel"Díez J., Carrasco"Garrido P., Rejas"Gutierrez J. et al. Inappropriate overuse of inhaled corticosteroids for COPD patients: impact on health costs and health status. Lung. 2011; 189 (3): 199–206.
180. Barnes P.J. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: a controversy. Respiration. 2010; 80 (2): 89–95.
181. Price D., Yawn B., Brusselle G., Rossi A. Risk"to"benefit ratio of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2013; 22 (1): 92–100.
182. Zervas E., Samitas K., Gaga M. et al. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: pros and cons. Curr. Drug Targets. 2013; 14 (2): 192–224.
183. Barnes P.J. Role of HDAC2 in the pathophysiology of COPD. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 2009; 71: 451–464.
184. Barnes P.J. Glucocorticosteroids: current and future directions. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2011; 163 (1): 29–43.
185. Mercado N., Thimmulappa R., Thomas C.M.R. et al. Decreased histone deacetylase 2 impairs Nrf2 activation by oxidative stress. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2011; 406 (2): 292–298.
186. Jen R., Rennard S.I., Sin D.D. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids on airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta"analysis. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulm. Dis. 2012; 7: 587–595.
187. Anzueto A., Ferguson G.T., Feldman G. et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50) on COPD exacerbations and impact on patient outcomes. COPD. 2009; 6 (5): 320–329.
188. Boscia J.A., Pudi K.K., Zvarich M.T. et al. Effect of oncedaily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol on 24"hour pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, three"way, incomplete block, crossover study. Clin. Ther. 2012; 34 (8): 1655–1666.
189. Burge P.S., Calverley P.M.A., Jones P.W. et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. Br. Med. J. 2000; 320 (7245): 1297–1303.
190. Calverley P.M., Boonsawat W., Cseke Z. et al. Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 22 (6): 912–919.
191. Dransfield M.T., Bourbeau J., Jones P.W. et al. Once"daily inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol versus vilanterol only for prevention of exacerbations of COPD: two replicate double"blind, parallel"group, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir. Med. 2013; 1 (3): 210–223.
192. Ferguson G.T., Anzueto A., Fei R. et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50 mg) or salmeterol (50 mg) on COPD exacerbations. Respir. Med. 2008; 102 (8): 1099–1108.
193. Hanania N.A., Darken P., Horstman D. et al. The efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate (250 mg) / salmeterol (50 mg) combined in the Diskus inhaler for the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2003; 124(3): 834–843.
194. Kerwin E.M., Scott"Wilson C., Sanford L. et al. A randomised trial of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (50/25 mg; 100/25 mg) on lung function in COPD. Respir. Med. 2013;107 (4): 560–569.
195. Lapperre T.S., Snoeck"Stroband J.B., Gosman M.M.E. et al. Effect of fluticasone with and without salmeterol on pulmonary outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2009; 151 (8): 517–527.
196. Mahler D.A., Wire P., Horstman D. et al. Effectiveness of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol combination delivered via the Diskus device in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166 (8): 1084–1091.
197. Martinez F.J., Boscia J., Feldman G. et al. Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (100/25; 200/25 mg) improves lung function in COPD: a randomised trial. Respir. Med. 2013; 107 (4): 550–559.
198. Sharafkhaneh A., Southard J.G., Goldman M. et al. Effect of budesonide/formoterol pMDI on COPD exacerbations: a double"blind, randomized study. Respir. Med. 2012; 106 (2): 257–268.
199. Szafranski W., Cukier A., Ramirez A. et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 21 (1): 74–81.
200. Agarwal R., Aggarwal A.N., Gupta D., Jindal S.K. Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo for preventing COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and metaregression of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2010; 137 (2): 318–325.
201. Glaab T., Taube C. Effects of inhaled corticosteroids in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011; 24 (1): 15–22.
202. Spencer S., Karner C., Cates C.J., Evans D.J. Inhaled corticosteroids versus long"acting beta"2"agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011; 12: CD007033.
203. van Grunsven P.M., van Schayck C.P., Derenne J.P. et al. Long term effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta"analysis. Thorax. 1999; 54 (1): 7–14.
204. Yang I.A., Clarke M.S., Sim E.H., Fong K.M. Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; 7: CD002991.
205. Jones P.W., Singh D., Bateman E.D. et al. Efficacy and safety of twice"daily aclidinium bromide in COPD patients: the ATTAIN study. Eur. Respir. J. 2012; 40 (4): 830–836.
206. Niewoehner D.E., Rice K., Cote C. et al. Prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with tiotropium, a once"daily inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005; 143 (5): 317–326.
207. Cazzola M., Di Marco F., Santus P. et al. The pharmacodynamics effects of single inhaled doses of formoterol, tiotropium and their combination in patients with COPD. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2004; 17 (1): 35–39.
208. Gross N.J., Nelson H.S., Lapidus R.J. et al. Efficacy and safety of formoterol fumarate delivered by nebulization to COPD patients. Respir. Med. 2008; 102 (2): 189–197.
209. Tashkin D.P., Cooper C.B. The role of long"acting bronchodilators in the management of stable COPD. Chest. 2004; 125 (1): 249–259.
210. Aaron S.D., Vandemheen K.L., Fergusson D. et al. Canadian Thoracic Society / Canadian Respiratory Clinical Research Consortium. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasonesalmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007; 146 (8): 545–555.
211. Brusasco V., Hodder R., Miravitlles M. et al. Health outcomes following treatment for 6 months with once daily tiotropium compared with twice daily salmeterol in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2006; 61 (1): 91.
212. Barnes P.J., Pocock S.J., Magnussen H. et al. Integrating indacaterol dose selection in a clinical study in COPD using an adaptive seamless design. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010; 23 (3): 165–171.
213. Beier J., Chanez P., Martinot J.B. et al. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of indacaterol, a novel once"daily beta"2"agonist, in patients with COPD: a 28"day randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2007; 20 (6): 740–749.
214. Jones P.W., Mahler D.A., Gale R. et al. Profiling the effects of indacaterol on dyspnoea and health status in patients with COPD. Respir. Med. 2011; 105 (6): 892–899.
215. Cazzola M., Santus P., Di Marco F. et al. Bronchodilator effect of an inhaled combination therapy with salmeterol 1 fluticasone and formoterol 1 budesonide in patients with COPD. Respir. Med. 2003; 97 (5): 453–457.
216. Jones P.W., Willits L.R., Burge P.S., Calverley P.M. Inhaled Steroids in Obstructive Lung Disease in Europe study investigators. Disease severity and the effect of fluticasone propionate on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 21 (1): 68–73.
217. Vestbo J., Soriano J.B., Anderson J.A. et al. Gender does not influence the response to the combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate in COPD. Respir. Med. 2004; 98 (11): 1045–1050.
218. Calverley P.M. Reducing the frequency and severity of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2004; 1 (2): 121–124.
219. Rodrigo G.J., Plaza V., Castro"Rodríguez J.A. Comparison of three combined pharmacological approaches with tiotropium monotherapy in stable moderate to severe COPD: a systematic review. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012; 25 (1): 40–47.
220. Nannini L.J., Lasserson T.J., Poole P. Combined corticosteroid and long"acting beta(2)"agonist in one inhaler versus long"acting beta(2)"agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; 9: CD006829.
221. Wedzicha J.A., Decramer M., Ficker J.H. et al. Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, doubleblind, parallel"group study. Lancet Respir. Med. 2013; 1 (3): 199–209.
222. He Z.Y., Ou L.M., Zhang J.Q. et al. Effect of 6 months of erythromycin treatment on inflammatory cells in induced sputum and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration. 2010; 80 (6): 445–452.
223. Seemungal T.A., Wilkinson T.M., Hurst J.R. et al. Longterm erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 178 (11): 1139–1147.
224. Aaron S.D., Vandemheen K.L., Hebert P. et al. Outpatient oral prednisone after emergency treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348 (26): 2618–2625.
225. Davies L., Angus R.M., Calverley P.M. Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 1999; 354 (9177): 456–460.
226. Niewoehner D.E., Erbland M.L., Deupree R.H. et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 340 (25): 1941–1947.
227. Thompson W.H., Nielson C.P., Carvalho P. et al. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154 (2): 407–412.
228. Aggarwal P., Wig N., Bhoi S. Efficacy of two corticosteroid regimens in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 2011; 15 (5): 687–692.
229. Ställberg B., Selroos O., Vogelmeier C. et al. Budesonide/formoterol as effective as prednisolone plus formoterol in acute exacerbations of COPD. A double"blind, randomised, non"inferiority, parallel"group, multicentre study. Respir. Res. 2009; 10: 11.
230. Rice K.L., Rubins J.B., Lebahn F. et al. Withdrawal of chronic systemic corticosteroids in patients with COPD: a randomized trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 162 (1): 174–178.
231. Calverley P.M., Rabe K.F., Goehring U.M. et al. Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2009; 374 (9691): 685–694.
232. Fabbri L.M., Calverley P.M., Izquierdo"Alonso J.L. et al. Roflumilast in moderate"to"severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with longacting bronchodilators: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet. 2009; 374 (9691): 695–703.
233. Lee S.D., Hui D.S., Mahayiddin A.A. et al. Roflumilast in Asian patients with COPD: a randomized placebo"controlled trial. Respirology. 2011; 16 (8): 1249–1257.
234. Rabe K.F., Magnussen H., Dent G. Theophylline and selective PDE inhibitors as bronchodilators and smooth muscle relaxants. Eur. Respir. J. 1995; 8 (4): 637–642.
235. Rossi A., Kristufek P., Levine B.E. et al. Comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of formoterol dry powder and oral, slow"release theophylline in the treatment of COPD. Chest. 2002; 121 (4): 1058–1069.
236. Zhou Y., Wang X., Zeng X. et al. Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double"blind, parallel"group, placebo"controlled study of low"dose, slow"release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year. Respirology. 2006; 11 (5): 603–610.
237. Sheffner A.L., Medler E.M., Jacobs L.W., Sarett H.P. The in vitro reduction in viscosity of human tracheobronchial secretions by acetylcysteine. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1964; 90: 721–729.
238. Boman G., Bäcker U., Larsson S. et al. Oral acetylcysteine reduces exacerbation rate in chronic bronchitis: report of a trial organized by the Swedish Society for Pulmonary Diseases. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 1983; 64 (6): 405–415.
239. Grassi C., Morandini G.C. A controlled trial of intermittent oral acetylcysteine in the long"term treatment of chronic bronchitis. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1976; 9 (5–6): 393–396.
240. Hansen N.C., Skriver A., Brorsen"Riis L. et al. Orally administered N"acetylcysteine may improve general wellbeing in patients with mild chronic bronchitis. Respir. Med. 1994; 88 (7): 531–535.
241. Pela R., Calcagni A.M., Subiaco S. et al. N"acetylcysteine reduces the exacerbation rate in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Respiration. 1999; 66 (6): 495–500.
242. Zheng J.P., Wen F.Q., Bai C.X. et al. Twice daily N"acetylcysteine 600 mg for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PANTHEON): a randomised, doubleblind placebo"controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2014; 2 (3): 187–194.
243. British Thoracic Society Research Committee. Oral N"acetylcysteine and exacerbation rates in patients with chronic bronchitis and severe airways obstruction. Thorax. 1985; 40 (11): 832–835.
244. Decramer M., Rutten"van Mölken M., Dekhuijzen P.N. et al. Effects of N"acetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost"Utility Study, BRONCUS): a randomised placebo"controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365 (9470): 1552–1560.
245. Dueholm M., Nielsen C., Thorshauge H. et al. N"acetylcysteine by metered dose inhaler in the treatment of chronic bronchitis: a multi"centre study. Respir. Med. 1992; 86 (2): 89–92.
246. Parr G.D., Huitson A. Oral Fabrol (oral N"acetyl"cysteine) in chronic bronchitis. Br. J. Dis. Chest. 1987; 81 (4):341–348.
247. Rasmussen J.B., Glennow C. Reduction in days of illness aft erlongterm treatment with N"acetylcysteine controlled"release tablets in patients with chronic bronchitis. Eur. Respir. J. 1988; 1 (4): 351–355.
248. Schermer T., Chavannes N., Dekhuijzen R. et al. Fluticasone and N"acetylcysteine in primary care patients with COPD or chronic bronchitis. Respir. Med. 2009; 103 (4): 542–551.
249. Moretti M., Bottrighi P., Dallari R. et al. The effect of long"term treatment with erdosteine on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the EQUALIFE Study. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 2004; 30 (4): 143–152.
250. Braga P.C., Allegra L., Rampoldi C. et al. Longlasting effects on rheology and clearance of bronchial mucus aft ershort"term administration of high doses of carbocysteine"lysine to patients with chronic bronchitis. Respiration. 1990; 57 (6): 353–358.
251. Allegra L., Cordaro C.I., Grassi C. Prevention of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive bronchitis with carbocysteine lysine salt monohydrate: a multicenter, doubleblind, placebo"controlled trial. Respiration. 1996; 63 (3): 174–180.
252. Grillage M., Barnard"Jones K. Long"term oral carbocisteine therapy in patients with chronic bronchitis. A double blind trial with placebo control. Br. J. Clin. Pract. 1985; 39 (10): 395–398.
253. Zheng J.P., Kang J., Huang S.G. et al. Effect of carbocisteine on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PEACE Study): a randomised placebocontrolled study. Lancet. 2008; 371 (9629): 2013– 2018.
254. Bartziokas K., Papaioannou A.I., Minas M. et al. Statins and outcome after hospitalization for COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Pulm. harmacol. Ther. 2011; 24 (5): 625–631.
255. Blamoun A.I., Batty G.N., DeBari V.A. et al. Statins may reduce episodes of exacerbation and the requirement for intubation in patients with COPD: evidence from a retrospective cohort study. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2008; 62 (9): 1373–1378.
256. Huang C.C., Chan W.L., Chen Y.C. et al. Statin use and hospitalization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide population"based cohort study in Taiwan. Clin. Ther. 2011; 33 (10): 1365– 1370.
257. Mancini G.B., Etminan M., Zhang B. et al. Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin"converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47 (12): 2554–2560.
258. Wang M.T., Lo Y.W., Tsai C.L. et al. Statin use and risk of COPD exacerbation requiring hospitalization. Am. J. Med. 2013; 126 (7): 598–606.
259. Criner G.J., Connett J.E., Aaron S.D. et al. COPD Clinical Research Network; Canadian Institutes of Health Research. Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate"to"severe COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (23): 2201–2210.
260. Casarosa P., Kollak I., Kiechle T. et al. Functional and biochemical rationales for the 24"hour"long duration of action of olodaterol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2011; 337 (3): 600–609.
261. van Noord J.A., Smeets J.J., Drenth B.M. et al. 24"hour bronchodilation following a single dose of the novel β"2"agonist olodaterol in COPD. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011; 24 (6): 666–672.
262. Bateman E.D., Ferguson G.T., Barnes N. et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur. Respir. J. 2013; 42 (6): 1484–1494.
263. Cazzola M., Calzetta L., Matera M.G. β"2"adrenoceptor agonists: current and future direction. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2011; 163 (1): 4–17.
264. Cazzola M., Matera M.G. Emerging inhaled bronchodilators: an update. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 34 (3): 757–769.
265. Cazzola M., Molimard M. The scientifi c rationale for combining long"acting beta2"agonists and muscarinic antagonists in COPD. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010; 23 (4): 257–267.
266. Cazzola M., Rogliani P., Matera M.G. Aclidinium bromide/formoterol fumarate fixed"dose combination for thetreatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp. Opin. Pharmacother. 2013; 14 (6): 775–781.
267. Cazzola M., Rogliani P., Segreti A., Matera M.G. An update on bronchodilators in phase I and II clinical trials. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs. 2012; 21 (10): 1489–1501.
268. Dahl R., Chapman K.R., Rudolf M. et al. Safety and efficacy of dual bronchodilation with QVA149 in COPD patients: the ENLIGHTEN study. Respir. Med. 2013; 107 (10): 1558–1567.
269. Mak G., Hanania N.A. New bronchodilators. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2012; 12 (3): 238–245.
270. Matera M.G., Calzetta L., Segreti A., Cazzola M. Emerging drugs for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp. Opin. Emerg. Drugs. 2012; 17 (1): 61–82.
271. Matera M.G., Page C.P., Cazzola M. Novel bronchodilators for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2011; 32 (8): 495–506.
272. Van de Maele B., Fabbri L.M., Martin C. et al. Cardiovascular safety of QVA149, a combination of Indacateroland NVA237, in COPD patients. COPD. 2010; 7 (6): 418–427.
273. van Noord J.A., Buhl R., Laforce C. et al. QVA149 demonstrates superior bronchodilation compared with indacaterol or placebo in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2010; 65 (12): 1086–1091.
274. Vogelmeier C.F., Bateman E.D., Pallante J. et al. Efficacy and safety of once"daily QVA149 compared with twicedaily salmeterolfluticasone in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ILLUMINATE): a randomised, double"blind, parallel group study. Lancet Respir. Med. 2013; 1 (1): 51–60.
275. Donohue J.F., Maleki"Yazdi M.R., Kilbride S. et al. Efficacy and safety of once"daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg in COPD. Respir. Med. 2013; 107 (10): 1538–1546.
276. Feldman G., Walker R.R., Brooks J. et al. 28"day safety and tolerability of umeclidinium in combination with vilanterol in COPD: a randomized placebo"controlled trial. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012; 25 (6): 465–471.
277. Kelleher D.L., Mehta R.S., Jean"Francois B.M. et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of umeclidinium and vilanterol alone and in combination: a randomized crossover trial. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (12): e50716.
278. Mehta R., Kelleher D., Preece A. et al. Effect of verapamil on systemic exposure and safety of umeclidinium and vilanterol: a randomized and open"label study. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulm. Dis. 2013; 8: 159–167.
279. Lötvall J., Bakke P.S., Bjermer L. et al. Efficacy and safety of 4 weeks’ treatment with combined fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in a single inhaler given once daily in COPD: a placebo"controlled randomised trial. Br. Med. J. Open. 2012; 2 (1): e000370.
280. Traynor K. Fluticasone"vilanterol combination approved for COPD. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 2013; 70 (12): 1008.
281. Vestbo J., Anderson J., Brook R.D. et al. The Study to Understand Mortality and Morbidity in COPD (SUMMIT) study protocol. Eur. Respir. J. 2013; 41 (5): 1017–1022.
282. Barnes P.J. New therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Med. Princ. Pract. 2010; 19 (5): 330–338.
283. Barnes P.J. Development of new drugs for COPD. Curr. Med. Chem. 2013; 20 (12): 1531–1540.
284. Cazzola M., Ciaprini C., Page C.P, Matera M.G. Targeting systemic inflammation: novel therapies for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exp. Opin. Ther. Targets. 2007; 11 (10): 1273–1286.
285. Cazzola M., Page C.P., Calzetta L., Matera M.G. Emerging antiinflammatory strategies for COPD. Eur. Respir. J.2012; 40 (3): 724–741.
Для цитирования:
статья Р. Хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких: профилактика обострений. Клинические рекомендации Американской коллегии торакальных врачей и Канадского торакального общества (часть 2-я). Пульмонология. 2016;26(3):267-291. https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2016-26-3-267-291
For citation:
article E. Therapeutic strategy to prevent acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: clinical guidelines of American College of Chest Physicians and Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline (Part 2). Russian Pulmonology. 2016;26(3):267-291. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2016-26-3-267-291
Просмотров: 756
Послать статью по эл. почте 