pulmoПульмонологияPULMONOLOGIYA0869-01892541-9617Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC10.18093/0869-0189-2016-2-6-665-7679pulmo-790Research ArticleКЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИCLINICAL GUIDELINESДиагностика и лечение хронического легочного аспергиллеза: клинические рекомендации Европейского респираторного общества и Европейского общества клинической микробиологии и инфекционных заболеванийDiagnosis and treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: clinical guidelines of European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and European Respiratory SocietyDenningD. W.Denning,D. W.CadranelJ.CadranelJ.Beigelman;AubryC.Beigelman-AubryC.AderF.AderF.ChakrabartiA.ChakrabartiA.BlotS.BlotS.UllmannA. J.UllmannA. J.DimopoulosG.DimopoulosG.201628022017266657679Copyright © Denning D.W., Cadranel J., Beigelman;Aubry C., Ader F., Chakrabarti A., Blot S., Ullmann A.J., Dimopoulos G., 20172017Denning D.W., Cadranel J., Beigelman;Aubry C., Ader F., Chakrabarti A., Blot S., Ullmann A.J., Dimopoulos G.Denning, D.W., Cadranel J., Beigelman-Aubry C., Ader F., Chakrabarti A., Blot S., Ullmann A.J., Dimopoulos G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/790

Хронический легочный аспергиллез (ХЛА) – нечастое и труднодиагностируемое легочное заболевание, осложняющее многие другие респираторные заболевания. В настоящее время в Европе насчитывается около 240 тыс. больных ХЛА. Наиболее распространенной формой ХЛА является кавитарный ХЛА (ХКЛА) (с формированием полостей), который при отсутствии лечения может трансформироваться в хронический фиброзирующий ХЛА. К менее частым проявлениям ХЛА относятся аспергиллезные узлы и одиночная аспергиллема. Все перечисленные изменения встречаются у иммунонекомпрометированных пациентов с различными заболеваниями легких. Подострый инвазивный легочный аспергиллез (ранее называвшийся хроническим некротизирующим легочным аспергиллезом) – это быстропрогрессирующая (< 3 мес.) инфекция, обычно диагностируемая у больных с умеренным иммунодефицитом, которая должна лечиться как инвазивный аспергиллез. Диагностика и ведение больных ХЛА ранее рассматривалось в единичных клинических рекомендациях. В связи с этим была созвана группа экспертов для разработки клинических, рентгенологических и микробиологических рекомендаций. При диагностике ХЛА требуется сочетание следующих признаков: одна или несколько полостей с грибковым конгломератом внутри или без такового либо узлы при лучевом обследовании легких; прямое подтверждение аспергиллезной инфекции (путем микроскопии или посева биопсийного материала) или иммунологическая реакция на Aspergillus spp. при исключении альтернативного диагноза. Все признаки должны наблюдаться в течение ≥ 3 мес. Уровень антител к Aspergillus (преципитины) повышен у > 90 % больных. В случае технической возможности рекомендуется хирургическое удаление аспергиллемы, желательно методом видеоассистированной торакоскопии. При ХКЛА рекомендуется длительная пероральная противогрибковая терапия для улучшения состояния в целом и устранения респираторных симптомов, прекращения кровохарканья и предотвращения прогрессирования заболевания. Рекомендуется тщательное мониторирование сывороточной концентрации азола, лекарственного взаимодействия и возможных токсических эффектов. Кровохарканье и легочное кровотечение можно устранить с помощью транексамовой кислоты и эмболизации бронхиальных артерий, реже – с помощью хирургической резекции легкого. Кровохарканье может служить признаком неэффективности лечения и / или резистентности к противогрибковым препаратам. Больные с одиночным аспергиллезным узлом нуждаются в противогрибковой терапии только при невозможности резекции, а при множественных аспергиллезных узлах противогрибковая терапия может дать существенный терапевтический эффект. Такие больные нуждаются в тщательном наблюдении.

Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is infrequent respiratory disease which is difficult for diagnosis and can complicate other respiratory diseases and conditions. Currently, there are about 240,000 CPA patients in Europe. The most prevalent variant of CPA is chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA) which could progress to chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis (CFPA) when is untreated. Aspergillus nodules and single aspergilloma are less frequent clinical variants of this disease. All clinical variants of aspergillosis could be found in nonimmunocompromised patients with different underlying pulmonary disorders. Subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, which was referred to as chronic necrotising pulmonary aspergillosis, is the most rapidly progressive clinical variant of the infection (< 3 months); it is typically diagnosed in moderately immunocompromised patients and should be treated as invasive aspergillosis. Diagnosis and management of CPA patients were previously described in sporadic guidelines. Due to this, expert group have been convened to develop clinical, radiological and microbiological guidelines. Diagnosis of CPA requires a combination of the following criteria existing for 3 months or more: one or more cavities in the lungs with or without fungal mass inside or nodules found on radiological examination; direct evidence of Aspergillus infection (using microscopic examination or biopsy culturing) or immunological response to Aspergillus spp. and exclusion of alternative diseases. Antibodies against Aspergillus spp. (precipitins) are increased in > 90% of patients. Aspergilloma should be resected if technically possible; videoassisted thoracic surgery is preferable. Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis requires longterm oral antifungal therapy to improve the patients' health and respiratory symptoms, to arrest haemoptysis and prevent the disease progression. Azole serum concentration and drug interaction should be thoroughly monitored to avoid toxic effects. Haemoptysis could be arrested using therapy with tranexamic acid or bronchial artery embolization; surgical resection of the lung is rarely required. Haemoptysis could indicate therapeutic failure and / or resistance to antifungals. Patients with a single Aspergillus nodule need antifungal therapy only if surgical resection is impossible. Antifungal therapy could be beneficial in patients with multiple Aspergillusis nodules; these patients need careful followup.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.