<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18093/0869-0189-2016-26-1-92-97</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-678</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Грелиновая сигнализация при бронхиальной астме</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ghrelin signaling pathway in bronchial asthma</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минеев</surname><given-names>В. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mineev</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м. н., профессор кафедры госпитальной терапии им. акад. М.В.Черноруцкого ГБОУ ВПО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П.Павлова» Минздрава России; тел.: (812) 450-71-63</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor at M.V.Chernorutskiy Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, State Institution “Academician I.P.Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University”, Healthcare Ministry of Russia; tel.: (812) 450-71-63</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vnmineev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лалаева</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lalaeva</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. м. н., очный докторант кафедры госпитальной терапии им. акад. М.В.Черноруцкого ГБОУ ВПО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П.Павлова» Минздрава России; тел.: (812) 234-24-75</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Doctoral candidate at M.V.Chernorutskiy Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, State Institution “Academician I.P.Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University”, Healthcare Ministry of Russia; tel.: (812) 234-24-75</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.lalaeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка VI курса лечебного факультета ГБОУ ВПО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П.Павлова» Минздрава России; тел.: (921) 338-23-08;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>The 6th year student of Medical Faculty, State Institution “Academician I.P.Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University”, Healthcare Ministry of Russia; tel.: (921) 338-23-08</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aftotrof@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБОУ ВПО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П.Павлова» Минздрава России: 197022, Российская Федерация, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Institution “Academician I.P.Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University”, Healthcare Ministry of Russia; 6 / 8, L'va Tolstogo str., Saint-Petersburg, 197089, Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>97</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Лебедева А.А., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Лебедева А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Lebedeva A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/678">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/678</self-uri><abstract><p>Приводятся результаты анализа современного состояния проблемы возможного патогенетического значения при бронхиальной астме (БА) гормона грелина, связанного с энергетическим метаболизмом. Грелин участвует в развитии легких на эмбриональном этапе, оказывает модулирующее влияние на воспаление и иммунную систему. Его уровень достоверно снижен у людей, больных БА, в особенности страдающих ожирением. В фазе обострения БА уровень грелина существенно снижен по сравнению с таковым в фазе ремиссии. Также имеется тенденция к снижению уровня грелина после физических упражнений при БА. Выявлена обратная ассоциация уровня грелина с выраженностью бронхиальной гиперреактивности, а это значит, что грелин может играть существенную роль как превентивный фактор в отношении бронхиальной гиперреактивности. Грелин прямым или косвенным способом ингибирует синтез иммуноглобулина E, участвуя в патогенезе БА как связующее звено между ожирением и аллергией, при этом грелин является противовоспалительным цитокином, так как ингибирует экспрессию фактора некроза опухоли-α, интерлейкинов (IL)-6 и -1β. Таким образом, роль грелиновой сигнализации в патогенезе БА на данный момент изучена не достаточно полно и представляет возможность исследователям найти новые подходы в применении данного гормона в лечении БА, в т. ч. ассоциированной с ожирением.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of this article was to review a possible pathogenic role of ghrelin for bronchial asthma (BA). Ghrelin is a hormone participating in energy metabolism. Ghrelin takes part in embryonic lung growth and modulates inflammation and immunity. Ghrelin level is significantly decreased in patients with BA, especially in those with co-morbid obesity, and could decrease in BA patients after physical exercise. Ghrelin level is also significantly decreased during acute exacerbation of BA compared to stable BA. Ghrelin was shown to be inversely associated with bronchial hyperreactivity; therefore, ghrelin could play a protective role against bronchial hyperreactivity. Ghrelin inhibits synthesis of IgE directly or indirectly acting as a pathogenic link between obesity and allergy. Ghrelin inhibits expression of TNF-α, IL-6 и IL-1β, therefore, it should be considered as anti-inflammatory cytokine. In conclusion, ghrelin signaling pathway in BA was not studied completely. Further investigations could discover new approach to therapy of BA with this hormone including patients with BA and co-morbid obesity.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>грелин</kwd><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>возможные механизмы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ghrelin</kwd><kwd>asthma</kwd><kwd>possible mechanisms</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Трофимов В.И. Бронхиальная астма и ожирение: общие механизмы. Клиническая медицина. 2012; 4: 4–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Trofimov V.I. Bronchial asthma and obesity: common mechanisms. Klinicheskaja medicina. 2012; 4: 4–10 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Васильева Т.С. Особенности лептиновой сигнализации при бронхиальной астме. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Сер. 11. 2013; 1: 34–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Vasil'eva T.S. Leptin signaling pathways in bronchial asthma. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ser. 11. 2013; 1: 34–44 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Васильева Т.С., Кузьмина А.А. Адипонектин в мокроте при бронхиальной астме. В кн.: Сборник научных трудов международной научно-практической конференции «Основные проблемы в современной медицине». Волгоград; 2014: 106–111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Vasil'eva T.S., Kuz'mina A.A. Adiponektin in soutum of patients with bronchial asthma. In: Collected scientific papers of the International Scientific and practical Conference «Actual problems of medicine». Volgograd; 2014: 106–111 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Васильева Т.С., Кузьмина А.А. Клинико-патогенетическое значение резистина при бронхиальной астме с ожирением. Ученые записки СПбГМУ им. акад. И.П.Павлова. 2013; 20 (1): 31–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Vasil'eva T.S., Kuz'mina A.A. Clinical and pathogenic importance of resistin in patients with bronchial asthma and obesity. Uchenye zapiski SPbGMU im. akad. I.P.Pavlova. 2013; 20 (1): 31–35 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Кузьмина А.А. Возможная роль апелинергической сигнализации в развитии патологии бронхолегочной системы. Пульмонология. 2013; 2: 101–104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Kuz'mina A.A. A possible role of apelinergic system for pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Pul'monologija. 2013; 2: 101–104 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Кузьмина А.А. А пелин-12 плазмы крови при бронхиальной астме. Казанский медицинский журнал. 2014; 95 (5): 631–636.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Kuz'mina A.A. Blood apelin-12 in bronchial asthma. Kazanskij medicinskij zhurnal. 2014; 95 (5): 631–636 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Васильева Т.С., Кузьмина А.А. Экспрессия транскрипционного фактора рSTAT3 в мононуклеарах периферической крови и его модуляция лептином при бронхиальной астме. Медицинская иммунология. 2014; 16 (6): 551–558.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Vasil'eva T.S., Kuz'mina A.A. rSTAT3 transcriptional factor expression in blood mononuclears and its leptin-induced modulation in bronchial asthma. Medicinskaja immunologija. 2014; 16 (6): 551–558 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Васильева Т.С., Кузьмина А.А. Мокрота как источник адипокинов при бронхиальной астме. Ученые записки ПСПбГМУ. 2014; 21 (3): 34–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Vasil'eva T.S., Kuz'mina A.A. Sputum as a source of adipokines in bronchial asthma. Scientific notes of PSPbGMU. 2014; 21 (3): 34–40 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Лалаева Т.М., Васильева Т.С., Кузьмина А.А. Лептин в мокроте у больных бронхиальной астмой. Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Сер. 11. 2014; 3: 50–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Lalaeva T.M., Vasil'eva T.S., Kuz'mina A.A. Leptin in sputum of patients with bronchial asthma. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ser. 11. 2014; 3: 50–55 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santos M., Bastos P., Gonzaga S. et al. Ghrelin expression in human and rat fetal lungs and the effect of ghrelin administration in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr. Res. 2006; 59 (4): 531–537.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santos M., Bastos P., Gonzaga S. et al. Ghrelin expression in human and rat fetal lungs and the effect of ghrelin administration in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr. Res. 2006; 59 (4): 531–537.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torday J.S., Sun H., Wang L. et al. Leptin mediates the parathyroid hormone-related protein paracrine stimulation of fetal lung maturation. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2002; 282: L405–L410.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torday J.S., Sun H., Wang L. et al. Leptin mediates the parathyroid hormone-related protein paracrine stimulation of fetal lung maturation. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 2002; 282: L405–L410.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жихарев С.С., Минеев В.Н., Яблонская В.Н. и др. Атопическая бронхиальная астма как патология мембрано-рецепторного комплекса. Вестник АМН СССР. 1989; 2: 9–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhiharev S.S., Mineev V.N., Jablonskaja V.N. et al. Atopic bronchial asthma as pathology of membranes and receptors. Vestnik AMN SSSR. 1989; 2: 9–14 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н. Концепция бронхиальной астмы как мембрано-рецепторной патологии. Иммунопатология, аллергология, инфектология. 2005; 3: 68–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N. Conception of bronchial asthma as pathology of membranes and receptors. Immunopatologija, allergologija, infektologija. 2005; 3: 68–85 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baatar D., Patel K., Taub D.D. The effects of ghrelin on inflammation and the immune system. "Molecular and cellular endocrinology." Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2011; "Go to table of contents for this volume/issue"340 (1): 44–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baatar D., Patel K., Taub D.D. The effects of ghrelin on inflammation and the immune system.  "Molecular and cellular endocrinology." Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 2011; "Go to table of contents for this volume/issue"340 (1): 44–58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volante M., Fulcheri E., Allмa E. et al. Ghrelin expression in fetal, infant, and adult human lung. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2002; 50: 1013–1021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volante M., Fulcheri E., Allмa E. et al. Ghrelin expression in fetal, infant, and adult human lung. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2002; 50: 1013–1021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuksel H., Sogut A., Yilmaz O. et al. Role of adipokines and hormones of obesity in childhood asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2012; 4 (2): 98–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuksel H., Sogut A., Yilmaz O. et al. Role of adipokines and hormones of obesity in childhood asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2012; 4 (2): 98–103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsuda K., Nishi Y., Okamatsu Y. et al. Ghrelin and leptin: a link between obesity and allergy? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006; 117: 705–706.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsuda K., Nishi Y., Okamatsu Y. et al. Ghrelin and leptin: a link between obesity and allergy? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2006; 117: 705–706.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cobanoglu N., Galip N., Dalkan C. et al. Leptin, ghrelin and calprotectin: inflammatory markers in childhood asthma? "Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine." Multidiscip. Respir. Med. 2013; 8 (1): 62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cobanoglu N., Galip N., Dalkan C. et al. Leptin, ghrelin and calprotectin: inflammatory markers in childhood asthma? "Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine." Multidiscip. Respir. Med. 2013; 8 (1): 62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsaroucha A., Daniil Z., Malli F. et al. Leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels in female patients with asthma during stable and exacerbation periods. "The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma." J. Asthma. 2013; 50 (2): 188–197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsaroucha A., Daniil Z., Malli F. et al. Leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin levels in female patients with asthma during stable and exacerbation periods.   "The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma." J. Asthma. 2013; 50 (2): 188–197.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Javad A., Mohamadhosein G., Behnam M., Zohreh M. Serum ghrelin in response to acute exercise in adult men with mild to moderate asthma. Int. J. Biosci. 2014; 4 (4): 139–143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Javad A., Mohamadhosein G., Behnam M., Zohreh M. Serum ghrelin in response to acute exercise in adult men with mild to moderate asthma. Int. J. Biosci. 2014; 4 (4): 139–143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khoran H., Najafi G. Relationship between plasma ghrelin and immunoglobin E as allergic predictor in asthma patients. Eur. J. Exp. Bio. 2014; 4 (3): 500–504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khoran H., Najafi G. Relationship between plasma ghrelin and immunoglobin E as allergic predictor in asthma patients. Eur. J. Exp. Bio. 2014; 4 (3): 500–504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsumoto Y., Toyomasu K., Uchimura N., Ishitake T. Low-molecular-weight adiponectin is more closely associated with episodes of asthma than high-molecular-weight adiponectin. Endocr. J. 2013; 60 (1): 119–125.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsumoto Y., Toyomasu K., Uchimura N., Ishitake T. Low-molecular-weight adiponectin is more closely associated with episodes of asthma than high-molecular-weight adiponectin. Endocr. J. 2013; 60 (1): 119–125.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee J.H., Lee B.H., Kim S.-H. Serum ghrelin level is associated with severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Korean. J. Asthma Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009; 29 (1): 46–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee J.H., Lee B.H., Kim S.-H. Serum ghrelin level is associated with severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Korean. J. Asthma Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009; 29 (1): 46–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Itoh T., Nagaya N., Yoshikawa M. et al. Elevated plasma ghrelin level in underweight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 170: 879–882.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Itoh T., Nagaya N., Yoshikawa M. et al. Elevated plasma ghrelin level in underweight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 170: 879–882.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dixit V.D., Schaffer E.M., Pyle R.S. et al. Ghrelin inhibits leptin- and activation induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2004; 114: 57–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dixit V.D., Schaffer E.M., Pyle R.S. et al. Ghrelin inhibits leptin- and activation induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells. J. Clin. Invest. 2004; 114: 57–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hattori N., Saito T., Yagyu T. et al. GH, GH receptor, GH secretagogue receptor, and ghrelin expression in human T cells, B cells, and neutrophils. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86: 4284–4291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hattori N., Saito T., Yagyu T. et al. GH, GH receptor, GH secretagogue receptor, and ghrelin expression in human T cells, B cells, and neutrophils. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86: 4284–4291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sung E.Z., Da Silva N.F., Goodyear S.J. et al. Ghrelin promotes nuclear factor kappa-B activation in a human B-lymphocyte cell line. "Molecular biology reports." Mol. Biol. Rep. 2011; 38 (8): 4833–4838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sung E.Z., Da Silva N.F., Goodyear S.J. et al. Ghrelin promotes nuclear factor kappa-B activation in a human B-lymphocyte cell line. "Molecular biology reports." Mol. Biol. Rep. 2011; 38 (8): 4833–4838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хаитов Р.М. Иммунология: учебник. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haitov R.M. Immunology. A study book. Moscow: GJeOTAR-Media; 2013 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Нестерович И.И., Трофимов В.И., Рыбакова М.Г. Апоптоз клеток-мишеней при бронхиальной астме. СПб: Издательствово «ВВМ»; 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Nesterovich I.I., Trofimov V.I., Rybakova M.G. Apoptosis of target cells in bronchial asthma. Saint-Petersburg: Izdatel'stvovo «VVM»; 2014 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минеев В.Н., Трофимов В.И., Нестерович И.И. и др. Нарушения апоптоза лимфоцитов периферической крови при различных вариантах бронхиальной астмы. Терапевтический архив. 2008; 3: 43–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mineev V.N., Trofimov V.I., Nesterovich I.I. et al. Blood lymphocyte apoptosis disorders in different phenotypes of bronchial asthma. Terapevticheskij arhiv. 2008; 3: 43–59 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орлова Е.Г., Ширшев С.В. Регуляция лептином и грелином экспрессии мембранных молекул и апоптоза лимфоцитов человека при беременности. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2010; 3: 26–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orlova E.G., Shirshev S.V. Regulation of membrane molecule expression and lymphocyte apoptosis by leptin and ghrelin in pregnancy. Problemy jendokrinologii. 2010; 3: 26–30 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taub D.D., Murphy W.J., Longo D.L. Rejuvenation of the aging thymus: growth hormone- and ghrelin-mediated signaling pathways. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2010; 10 (4): 408–424.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taub D.D., Murphy W.J., Longo D.L. Rejuvenation of the aging thymus: growth hormone- and ghrelin-mediated signaling pathways. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2010; 10 (4): 408–424.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li W.G., Gavrila D., Liu X. et al. Ghrelin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-κB activation in human endothelial cells. Circulation. 2004; 109 (18): 2221–2226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li W.G., Gavrila D., Liu X. et al. Ghrelin inhibits proinflammatory responses and nuclear factor-κB activation in human endothelial cells. Circulation. 2004; 109 (18): 2221–2226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang Q.H., Liu Y., Wu S.S. et al. Ghrelin inhibits the apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells through ERK and AKT signaling pathway. "Toxicology and applied pharmacology." Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2013; "Go to table of contents for this volume/issue"272 (3): 591–597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liang Q.H., Liu Y., Wu S.S. et al. Ghrelin inhibits the apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells through ERK and AKT signaling pathway.  "Toxicology and applied pharmacology." Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2013; "Go to table of contents for this volume/issue"272 (3): 591–597.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu G., Li Y., An W., Zhang W. Ghrelin and cell differentiation Acta. Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 2008; 40 (10): 841–847.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu G., Li Y., An W., Zhang W. Ghrelin and cell differentiation Acta. Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 2008; 40 (10): 841–847.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li B., Zeng M., He W. et al. Ghrelin protects alveolar macrophages against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis through growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a-dependent c-Jun N-terminal kinase and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and suppresses lung inflammation. "Endocrinology." Endocrinology. 2015; 1 (1): 203–217.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li B., Zeng M.,  He W. et al. Ghrelin protects alveolar macrophages against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis through growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a-dependent c-Jun N-terminal kinase and Wnt/β-catenin signaling and suppresses lung inflammation.  "Endocrinology." Endocrinology. 2015; 1 (1): 203–217.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Терещенко И.В., Каюшев П.Е. Грелин и его роль в норме и патологии. Терапевтический архив. 2013; 4: 98–101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tereshhenko I.V., Kajushev P.E. Ghrelin and its role in health and disease. Terapevticheskij arhiv. 2013; 4: 98–101 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
