<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18093/0869-0189-2026-36-3-375-388</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-4970</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕДОВАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EDITORIAL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клиническое значение коморбидных заболеваний при идиопатическом легочном фиброзе и гиперчувствительном пневмоните</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical significance of comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0685-4133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трушенко</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trushenko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Трушенко Наталья Владимировна – к. м. н., доцент кафедры пульмонологии Института клинической медицины имени Н.В.Склифосовского Федерального государственного автономного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет); научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической пульмонологии Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p><p>115682, Москва, Ореховый бульвар, 28, стр. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natal’ya V. Trushenko, Candidate of Medicine, Associate Professor, Department of Pulmonology, N.V.Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University); Researcher, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation</p><p>Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991, </p><p>Orekhovyy bul’var 28, build. 10, Moscow, 115682</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trushenko.natalia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1254-6863</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лавгинова</surname><given-names>Б. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lavginova</surname><given-names>B. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лавгинова Баина Баатровна – аспирант кафедры пульмонологии Института клинической медицины имени Н.В.Склифосовского </p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Baina B. Lavginova, Resident, Department of Pulmonology, N.V.Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bapus15@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0928-2900</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левина</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Levina</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Левина Юлия Алексеевна – аспирант кафедры пульмонологии Института клинической медицины имени Н.В.Склифосовского </p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuliia A. Levina, Resident, Department of Pulmonology, N.V.Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yu1999levina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-2150</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдеев Сергей Николаевич – д. м. н., профессор, академик Российской академии наук; директор Национального медицинского исследовательского центра по профилю «Пульмонология»; заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии Института клинической медицины имени Н.В.Склифосовского Федерального государственного автономного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет); главный внештатный пульмонолог Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey N. Avdeev, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Medical Research Center for Pulmonology; Head of the Department of Pulmonology, N.V.Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg_avdeev@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет);&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)$&#13;
Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)&#13;
&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства России»: 115682, Россия, Москва, Ореховый бульвар, 28</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>36</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>375</fpage><lpage>388</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Трушенко Н.В., Лавгинова Б.Б., Левина Ю.А., Авдеев С.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Трушенко Н.В., Лавгинова Б.Б., Левина Ю.А., Авдеев С.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Trushenko N.V., Lavginova B.B., Levina Y.A., Avdeev S.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/4970">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/4970</self-uri><abstract><p>Коморбидные заболевания являются важным фактором, влияющим на течение и прогноз интерстициальных заболеваний легких (ИЗЛ). Однако сравнительные данные о структуре и клиническом значении коморбидности при идиопатическом легочном фиброзе (ИЛФ) и гиперчувствительном пневмоните (ГП) остаются ограниченными.</p><p>Целью исследования являлась оценка распространенности и клинического значения коморбидных заболеваний у пациентов с ИЛФ и ГП.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В одноцентровое проспективное наблюдательное исследование включены пациенты (n = 621) с ИЛФ (n = 229) и ГП (n = 392). Период наблюдения составил 12 мес. Анализировались клинико-демографические, функциональные и рентгенологические характеристики, сопутствующие заболевания, индекс коморбидности Чарльсона и индекс GAP (Gender, Age, Physiology). У всех пациентов исследовалась функция внешнего дыхания, выполнялись эхокардиография и компьютерная томография высокого разрешения органов грудной клетки, проводился 6-минутный шаговый тест (6-МШТ).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У большинства пациентов (66,2 %) выявлено от 1 до 3 коморбидных заболеваний, при этом ≥ 4 сопутствующих заболеваний отмечено у 19,6 % пациентов. Пациенты с ИЛФ характеризовались более высоким индексом коморбидности Чарльсона по сравнению с лицами с ГП (р &lt; 0,001). Наиболее распространенными сопутствующими заболеваниями были артериальная гипертензия, сердечно-сосудистые заболевания (ССЗ), гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь, легочная гипертензия и сахарный диабет (СД). У пациентов с ИЛФ чаще выявлялись эмфизема и бронхообструктивные заболевания (р &lt; 0,05). Увеличение числа коморбидностей и показателя индекса Чарльсона ассоциировались с более высокой оценкой по шкале GAP, уменьшением пройденной дистанции при выполнении 6-МШТ и большей выраженностью одышки по шкале модифицированного опросника Британского медицинского исследовательского совета (modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale – mMRC)). Наличие ≥ 2 коморбидных заболеваний ассоциировалось с увеличением риска летального исхода (площадь под кривой (AUC) – 0,587; р = 0,01), как и индекс Чарльсона ≥ 4 баллов (AUC – 0,608; р = 0,002; log-rank р = 0,007). ССЗ были связаны с более выраженными функциональными нарушениями и снижением толерантности к физической нагрузке, а СД являлся независимым неблагоприятным прогностическим фактором, особенно у пациентов с ГП (отношение шансов – 2,58; р = 0,016).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Коморбидные заболевания широко распространены при ИЛФ и ГП и оказывают значимое влияние на клиническое течение и прогноз заболевания. Оценка коморбидности, включая индекс Чарльсона, может рассматриваться как дополнительный инструмент стратификации риска у пациентов с фиброзирующими ИЗЛ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Comorbidities are important factors influencing the course and prognosis of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). However, comparative data on the structure and clinical significance of comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) remain limited.</p><p>The aim was to assess the prevalence and clinical significance of comorbidities in patients with IPF and HP.</p><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. This single-center prospective observational study included 621 patients (229 with IPF, 392 with HP) with a 12-month follow-up. Clinical, demographic, functional, and radiological characteristics, comorbidities, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and the GAP (Gender, Age, Physiology) index were analyzed. All patients underwent pulmonary function testing, the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), echocardiogram, and high-resolution computed tomography scan of the chest.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Most patients (66.2%) had 1 – 3 comorbidities, while 19.6% had ≥ 4 comorbidities. Patients with IPF had significantly higher CCI scores than those with HP (p &lt; 0.001). The most common comorbidities were hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastroesophageal reflux disease, pulmonary hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Emphysema and obstructive airway diseases were more frequent in IPF (p &lt; 0.05). A higher comorbidity burden and higher CCI scores correlated with higher GAP scores, shorter 6MWT distance, and more severe dyspnea (mMRC scale). The presence of ≥ 2 comorbidities was associated with increased mortality risk (AUC 0.587, p = 0.01), as was CCI ≥ 4 (AUC 0.608, p = 0.002; log-rank p = 0.007). CVD was associated with greater functional impairment and reduced exercise tolerance, while diabetes mellitus was an independent adverse prognostic factor, particularly in HP (OR 2.58, p = 0.016).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Comorbidities are highly prevalent in both IPF and HP and significantly influence disease course and prognosis. Assessment of comorbidity burden, including the CCI, may serve as an additional risk-stratification tool in patients with fibrosing ILDs.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>идиопатический легочный фиброз</kwd><kwd>гиперчувствительный пневмонит</kwd><kwd>коморбидность</kwd><kwd>индекс Чарльсона</kwd><kwd>легочная гипертензия</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>эмфизема</kwd><kwd>интерстициальные заболевания легких</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</kwd><kwd>hypersensitivity pneumonitis</kwd><kwd>comorbidity</kwd><kwd>Charlson Comorbidity Index</kwd><kwd>pulmonary hypertension</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>emphysema</kwd><kwd>interstitial lung diseases</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С.Н., Айсанов З.Р., Белевский А.С., и др. Идиопатический легочный фиброз: федеральные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению. Пульмонология. 2022; 32 (3): 473–495. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2022-32-3-473-495.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N., Aisanov Z.R., Belevskiy A.S. et al. [Federal clinical guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]. Pul’monologiya. 2022; 32 (3): 473–495. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2022-32-3-473-495 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С.Н., Айсанов З.Р., Визель А.А. и др. Гиперчувствительный пневмонит: федеральные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению. Пульмонология. 2025; 35 (1): 16–41. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2025-35-1-16-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N., Aisanov Z.R., Vizel A.A. et al. [Federal clinical guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of hypersensitivity pneumonitis]. Pul’monologiya. 2025; 35 (1): 16–41. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2025-35-1-16-41 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selman M., Buendia-Roldan I., Pardo A. Decoding the complexity: mechanistic insights into comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2025; 65 (5): 2402418. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02418-2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selman M., Buendia-Roldan I., Pardo A. Decoding the complexity: mechanistic insights into comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2025; 65 (5): 2402418. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02418-2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трушенко Н.В., Суворова О.А., Першина Е.С. и др. Ретроспективное изучение предикторов прогрессирования легочного фиброза при гиперчувствительном пневмоните. Медицинский совет. 2025; 19 (5): 67–76. DOI: 10.21518/ms2025-137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trushenko N.V., Suvorova O.A., Pershina E.S. et al. [Retrospective study of predictors of pulmonary fibrosis progression in hypersensitivity pneumonitis]. Meditsinskiy sovet. 2025; 19 (5): 67–76. DOI: 10.21518/ms2025-137 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Суворова О.А., Трушенко Н.В., Лавгинова Б.Б., и др. Клинические характеристики идиопатического легочного фиброза и гиперчувствительного пневмонита в реальной клинической практике. Consilium Medicum. 2025; 27 (3): 179–186. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2025.3.203265.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suvorova O.A., Trushenko N.V., Lavginova B.B. et al. [Features of the clinical picture and quality of life in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hypersensitivity pneumonit]. Consilium Medicum. 2025; 27 (3): 179–186. DOI: 10.26442/20751753.2025.3.203265 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perez E.R.F., Kong A.M., Raimundo K. et al. Epidemiology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis among an insured population in the United States: a claims-based cohort analysis. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2018; 15 (4): 460–469. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201704-288OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perez E.R.F., Kong A.M., Raimundo K. et al. Epidemiology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis among an insured population in the United States: a claims-based cohort analysis. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2018; 15 (4): 460–469. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201704-288OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chowdhury S.R., Chandra Das D., Sunna T.C. et al. Global and regional prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2023; 57: 101860. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chowdhury S.R., Chandra Das D., Sunna T.C. et al. Global and regional prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2023; 57: 101860. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raghu G., Remy-Jardin M., Ryerson C.J. et al. Diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in adults. An official ATS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2020; 202 (3): e36–69. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202005-2032ST.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raghu G., Remy-Jardin M., Ryerson C.J. et al. Diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in adults. An official ATS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2020; 202 (3): e36–69. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202005-2032ST.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raghu G., Remy-Jardin M., Richeldi L. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (an update) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in adults: An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2022; 205 (9): e18–47. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202202-0399ST.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raghu G., Remy-Jardin M., Richeldi L. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (an update) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in adults: An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2022; 205 (9): e18–47. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202202-0399ST.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moon J.Y., Beenken M., Moua T. Impact of medical comorbidities on respiratory-related patient-reported outcome measures in fibrotic interstitial lung disease. J. Clin. Med. 2026; 15 (3): 1051. DOI: 10.3390/jcm15031051.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moon J.Y., Beenken M., Moua T. Impact of medical comorbidities on respiratory-related patient-reported outcome measures in fibrotic interstitial lung disease. J. Clin. Med. 2026; 15 (3): 1051. DOI: 10.3390/jcm15031051.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kreuter M., Ehlers-Tenenbaum S., Palmowski K. et al. Impact of comorbidities on mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (3): e0151425. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kreuter M., Ehlers-Tenenbaum S., Palmowski K. et al. Impact of comorbidities on mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (3): e0151425. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151425.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wälscher J., Gross B., Morisset J. et al. Comorbidities and survival in patients with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Respir. Res. 2020; 21 (1): 12. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1283-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wälscher J., Gross B., Morisset J. et al. Comorbidities and survival in patients with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Respir. Res. 2020; 21 (1): 12. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1283-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwarzkopf L., Witt S., Waelscher J. et al. Associations between comorbidities, their treatment and survival in patients with interstitial lung diseases: a claims data analysis. Respir. Res. 2018; 19 (1): 73. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0769-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwarzkopf L., Witt S., Waelscher J. et al. Associations between comorbidities, their treatment and survival in patients with interstitial lung diseases: a claims data analysis. Respir. Res. 2018; 19 (1): 73. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0769-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sia L.C., Amanda G., Bączek K. et al. British Thoracic Society interstitial lung disease registry steering group. Gender differences in clinical features, comorbidities and prognostic outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-a retrospective cohort analysis from the British Thoracic Society interstitial lung disease registry. BMJ Open. 2025; 15 (10): e104914. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-104914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sia L.C., Amanda G., Bączek K. et al. British Thoracic Society interstitial lung disease registry steering group. Gender differences in clinical features, comorbidities and prognostic outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-a retrospective cohort analysis from the British Thoracic Society interstitial lung disease registry. BMJ Open. 2025; 15 (10): e104914. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-104914.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hyldgaard C., Hilberg O., Bendstrup E. How does comorbidity influence survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (4): 647–653. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.01.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hyldgaard C., Hilberg O., Bendstrup E. How does comorbidity influence survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (4): 647–653. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.01.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raghu G., Amatto V.C., Behr J., Stowasser S. Comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: a systematic literature review. Eur. Respir. J. 2015; 46 (4): 1113–1130. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02316-2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raghu G., Amatto V.C., Behr J., Stowasser S. Comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: a systematic literature review. Eur. Respir. J. 2015; 46 (4): 1113–1130. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02316-2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sinha R., Nanavaty D., Azhar A. et al. Step towards understanding coronary artery disease: a complication in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BMJ Open Respir. Res. 2024; 11 (1): e001834. DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-001834.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinha R., Nanavaty D., Azhar A. et al. Step towards understanding coronary artery disease: a complication in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. BMJ Open Respir. Res. 2024; 11 (1): e001834. DOI: 10.1136/bmjresp-2023-001834.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bray K., Bodduluri S., Kim Y.I. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is more strongly associated with coronary artery disease than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 2023; 211: 107195. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bray K., Bodduluri S., Kim Y.I. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is more strongly associated with coronary artery disease than chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 2023; 211: 107195. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Y., Sheng Y.H., Carreira P. et al. Genome-wide assessment of shared genetic landscape of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and its comorbidities. Hum. Genet. 2024; 143: 1223–1239. DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02696-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Y., Sheng Y.H., Carreira P. et al. Genome-wide assessment of shared genetic landscape of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and its comorbidities. Hum. Genet. 2024; 143: 1223–1239. DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02696-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kato S., Kitamura H., Hayakawa K. et al. Coronary artery disease and heart failure in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Heart Vessels. 2021; 36 (8): 1151–1158. DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-01787-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kato S., Kitamura H., Hayakawa K. et al. Coronary artery disease and heart failure in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Heart Vessels. 2021; 36 (8): 1151–1158. DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-01787-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arslan A., Smith J., Qureshi M.R. et al. Evolution of pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease: A journey through past, present, and future. Front. Med. (Lausanne). 2024; 10: 1306032. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1306032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arslan A., Smith J., Qureshi M.R. et al. Evolution of pulmonary hypertension in interstitial lung disease: A journey through past, present, and future. Front. Med. (Lausanne). 2024; 10: 1306032. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1306032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koschel D.S., Cardoso C., Wiedemann B. et al. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Lung. 2012; 190 (3): 295–302. DOI: 10.1007/s00408-011-9361-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koschel D.S., Cardoso C., Wiedemann B. et al. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Lung. 2012; 190 (3): 295–302. DOI: 10.1007/s00408-011-9361-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walters T.M., Leong M.C.H., Montesi S.B. et al. Comorbidities in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and progressive pulmonary fibrosis trial population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2025; 34 (175): 240238. DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0238-2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walters T.M., Leong M.C.H., Montesi S.B. et al. Comorbidities in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and progressive pulmonary fibrosis trial population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2025; 34 (175): 240238. DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0238-2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bai L., Zhang L., Pan T. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Respir. Res. 2021; 22 (1): 175. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01760-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bai L., Zhang L., Pan T. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Respir. Res. 2021; 22 (1): 175. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01760-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li C., Xiao Y., Hu J. et al. Associations between diabetes and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a study-level pooled analysis of 26 million people. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021; 106 (11): 3367–3380. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab553.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li C., Xiao Y., Hu J. et al. Associations between diabetes and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a study-level pooled analysis of 26 million people. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2021; 106 (11): 3367–3380. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab553.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeganathan N., Miot C., Sathananthan A. et al. The association of pulmonary fibrosis with diabetes mellitus. ERJ Open Res. 2020; 6 (4): 00237-2020. DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00237-2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeganathan N., Miot C., Sathananthan A. et al. The association of pulmonary fibrosis with diabetes mellitus. ERJ Open Res. 2020; 6 (4): 00237-2020. DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00237-2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozawa S., Tejima K., Takagi S. et al. Latent inter-organ mechanism of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis unveiled by a generative computational approach. Sci. Rep. 2023; 13 (1): 21981. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49281-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozawa S., Tejima K., Takagi S. et al. Latent inter-organ mechanism of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis unveiled by a generative computational approach. Sci. Rep. 2023; 13 (1): 21981. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49281-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He X., Cao L., Fu X. et al. The association between telomere length and diabetes mellitus: accumulated evidence from observational studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2024; 110 (1): e177–185. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He X., Cao L., Fu X. et al. The association between telomere length and diabetes mellitus: accumulated evidence from observational studies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2024; 110 (1): e177–185. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar V., Agrawal R., Pandey A. et al. Compromised DNA repair is responsible for diabetes-associated fibrosis. EMBO J. 2020; 39 (11): e103477. DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103477.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar V., Agrawal R., Pandey A. et al. Compromised DNA repair is responsible for diabetes-associated fibrosis. EMBO J. 2020; 39 (11): e103477. DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103477.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kyung S.Y., Byun K.H., Yoon J.Y. et al. Advanced glycation end-products and receptor for advanced glycation end-products expression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and NSIP. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2014; 7 (1): 221–228. Available at: https://e-century.us/files/ijcep/7/1/ijcep1311030.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kyung S.Y., Byun K.H., Yoon J.Y. et al. Advanced glycation end-products and receptor for advanced glycation end-products expression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and NSIP. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2014; 7 (1): 221–228. Available at: https://e-century.us/files/ijcep/7/1/ijcep1311030.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim Y.J., Park J.W., Kyung S.Y. et al. Clinical characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with diabetes mellitus: The national survey in Korea from 2003 to 2007. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2012; 27 (7): 756–760. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.7.756.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim Y.J., Park J.W., Kyung S.Y. et al. Clinical characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with diabetes mellitus: The national survey in Korea from 2003 to 2007. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2012; 27 (7): 756–760. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.7.756.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ebubechukwu U., Geraghty P. Genesis of concurrent diseases: do diabetes mellitus and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a direct relationship? Thorax. 2025; 80 (3): 123–124. DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2024-222754.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ebubechukwu U., Geraghty P. Genesis of concurrent diseases: do diabetes mellitus and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a direct relationship? Thorax. 2025; 80 (3): 123–124. DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2024-222754.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee J.S., Ryu J.H., Elicker B.M. et al. Gastroesophageal reflux therapy is associated with longer survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 184 (12): 1390–1394. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201101-0138OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee J.S., Ryu J.H., Elicker B.M. et al. Gastroesophageal reflux therapy is associated with longer survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 184 (12): 1390–1394. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201101-0138OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alqalyoobi S., Little B.B., Oldham J.M., Obi O.N. The prognostic value of gastroesophageal reflux disorder in interstitial lung disease related hospitalizations. Respir. Res. 2023; 24 (1): 97. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02407-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alqalyoobi S., Little B.B., Oldham J.M., Obi O.N. The prognostic value of gastroesophageal reflux disorder in interstitial lung disease related hospitalizations. Respir. Res. 2023; 24 (1): 97. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02407-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cottin V., Selman M., Inoue Y. et al. Syndrome of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT research statement. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2022; 206: e7–41. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202206-1041ST.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cottin V., Selman M., Inoue Y. et al. Syndrome of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT research statement. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2022; 206: e7–41. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202206-1041ST.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cottin V., Cordier J.F. The syndrome of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Chest. 2009; 136 (1): 1–2. DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-0538.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cottin V., Cordier J.F. The syndrome of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Chest. 2009; 136 (1): 1–2. DOI: 10.1378/chest.09-0538.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
