<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18093/0869-0189-2026-36-5-821-829</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-4931</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клиническое значение особенностей кавитарной и узелково-бронхоэктатической форм легочного микобактериоза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical significance of specific features of cavitary and nodular bronchiectatic forms of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8554-655X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хачетлов</surname><given-names>Р. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khachetlov</surname><given-names>R. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хачетлов Руслан Олегович – аспирант  </p><p>127473,  Москва, ул. Достоевского, 4, корп. 2 тел.: (905) 511-­81­-62</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ruslan O. Khachetlov, Postgraduate Student </p><p>ul. Dostoyevskogo 4, build. 2, Moscow, 127473 tel.: (905) 511­81-62</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ballayana1@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0637-7955</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васильева Ирина Анатольевна – д. м. н., профессор, директор; заведующая кафедрой фтизиатрии</p><p>127473, Москва, ул. Достоевского, 4, корп. 2  тел.: (495) 631-­15­-15 (доб. 1003) </p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina A. Vasilyeva, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Director; Head of the Department of Phthisiology</p><p>ul. Dostoyevskogo 4, build. 2, Moscow, 127473 tel.: (495) 631­15­-15 (ext. 1003)</p><p>ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nmrc@nmrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6050-724X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белевский</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belevskiy</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Белевский Андрей Станиславович – д. м. н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии факультета дополнительного профессионального образования института непрерывного образования и профессионального развития</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1  тел.: (495) 963­-24­-67 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey S. Belevskiy, Doctor of Medicine, Professor; Head of the Pulmonology Department, Faculty of Additional Professional Education Institute of Continuing Education and Professional Development</p><p>ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997 tel.: (495) 963-­24-­67 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pulmobas@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9104-9151</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тинькова</surname><given-names>В В</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tinkova</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тинькова Валентина Вячеславовна – к. м. н., заместитель главного врача по медицинской части </p><p>127473, Москва, ул. Достоевского, 4, корп. 2  тел.: (495) 631-­15­-15 (доб. 1106) </p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valentina V. Tinkova, Candidate of Medicine, Deputy Chief Physician for Medical Affairs</p><p>ul. Dostoyevskogo 4, build. 2, Moscow, 127473 tel.: (495) 631­15­-15 (ext. 1106)</p><p>ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">TinkovaVV@nmrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4365-5894</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паролина</surname><given-names>Л. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Parolina</surname><given-names>L. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Паролина Любовь Евгеньевна – д. м. н., профессор, руководитель Центра образования; профессор кафедры фтизиатрии</p><p>127473, Москва, ул. Достоевского, 4, корп. 2  тел.: (495) 631-15-­15 (доб. 5009) </p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyubov E. Parolina, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of the Education Center; Professor, Department of Phthisiology</p><p>ul. Dostoyevskogo 4, build. 2, Moscow, 127473  tel.: (495) 631­15-­15 (ext. 5009) </p><p>ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ParolinaLE@nmrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-6538</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайда</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaida</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гайда Анастасия Игоревна – к. м. н., старший научный сотрудник отдела дифференциальной диагностики и лечения туберкулеза и сочетанных инфекций</p><p>127473, Москва, ул. Достоевского, 4, корп. 2  тел.: (495) 631-­15­-15 (доб. 5003) </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia I. Gaida, Candidate of Medicine, Senior Researcher, Department of Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis and Co­Infections</p><p>ul. Dostoyevskogo 4, build. 2, Moscow, 127473  tel.: (495) 631­15-­15 (ext. 5003) </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nsovca@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8384-6354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудиева</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudieva</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гудиева Илона Раульевна – аспирант </p><p>127473, Москва, ул. Достоевского, 4, корп. 2 тел.: (495) 631­15-­15 (доб. 5011)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilona R. Gudiyeva, Postgraduate Student </p><p>ul. Dostoyevskogo 4, build. 2, Moscow, 127473 tel.: (495) 631­15-­15 (ext. 5011)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zama142608@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр фтизиопульмонологии и инфекционных заболеваний» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Institution “National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр фтизиопульмонологии и инфекционных заболеваний» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации ; Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И.Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Institution “National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation ; Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И.Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “N.I.Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>36</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>821</fpage><lpage>829</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хачетлов Р.О., Васильева И.А., Белевский А.С., Тинькова В.В., Паролина Л.Е., Гайда А.И., Гудиева И.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хачетлов Р.О., Васильева И.А., Белевский А.С., Тинькова В.В., Паролина Л.Е., Гайда А.И., Гудиева И.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khachetlov R.O., Vasilyeva I.A., Belevskiy A.S., Tinkova V.V., Parolina L.E., Gaida A.I., Gudieva I.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/4931">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/4931</self-uri><abstract><p>Микобактериоз (МБ) органов дыхания, вызванный нетуберкулезными микобактериями (НТМБ), характеризуется клинико­-рентгенологической неоднородностью и может имитировать деструктивный туберкулез (ТБ), особенно при кавитарной форме.</p><p>Целью исследования являлась оценка клинического значения анамнестических, клинических, лабораторных, микробиологических и рентгенологических особенностей кавитарной и узелково­бронхоэктатической формы НТМБ.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Ретроспективно проанализированы данные пациентов (n = 151) без инфекции вирусом иммунодефицита человека, наблюдавшихся специалистами Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр фтизиопульмонологии и инфекционных заболеваний» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (2023–2025) с кавитарной (n = 68) и узелково-­бронхоэктатической (n = 83) формой ТБ. Диагноз МБ легких (МБЛ) верифицирован по критериям Американского торакального общества (American Thoracic Society – ATS), Европейского респираторного общества (European Respiratory Society – ERS) / Европейского общества клинической микробиологии и инфекционных заболеваний (European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases – ESCMID) / Американского общества инфекционных болезней (Infectious Diseases Society of America – IDSA) (2020) с видовой идентификацией НТМБ. Сопоставлены факторы риска (ФР), клинико­лабораторные показатели, данные компьютерной томографии (КТ), бактериовыделение (кислотоустойчивые микобактерии (КУМ) при люминесцентной микроскопии мокроты), видовой состав НТМБ и частота первоначальной трактовки заболевания как ТБ до получения результатов микробиологической верификации. Оценка ассоциаций проводилась с расчетом отношения шансов (OШ) и 95%­ного доверительного интервала; статистическая значимость определялась точным критерием Фишера и критерием Манна–Уитни.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Кавитарная форма чаще ассоциировалась с курением (35,3 % vs 10,8 %; OШ – 4,49; p &lt; 0,001) и эмфиземой (OШ – 4,19; p = 0,002). Узелково-­бронхоэктатическая форма чаще характеризовалась двусторонними изменениями (OШ – 0,30; p = 0,028), бронхоэктазами (OШ – 0,51; p = 0,048) и симптомом «дерево в почках» (OШ – 0,34; p = 0,007). КУМ­положительная мокрота выявлялась чаще при кавитарной форме (63,2 % vs 21,7 %; OШ – 6,21; p &lt; 0,001). Структура видового состава НТМБ различалась между группами (2 × 4; p &lt; 0,001): Mycobacterium avium complex преобладал в обеих группах (61,8 % и 90,4 %), тогда как M. kansasii относительно чаще выявлялся при кавитарной форме (25,0 % vs 3,6 %). Направительный диагноз ТБ чаще устанавливался при кавитарной форме (38,2 % vs 8,4 %; OШ – 6,72; p &lt; 0,001).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Кавитарный и узелково­бронхоэктатический фенотипы МБЛ отличаются по профилю ФР, КТ­семиотике и микробиологическим характеристикам. Сочетание кавитаций и высокой частоты КУМ­положительных мазков при кавитарной форме может приводить к первоначальной трактовке процесса как туберкулезного, при этом требуется расширение микробиологического поиска НТМБ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM­PD) is clinically and radiologically heterogeneous and may mimic destructive pulmonary tuberculosis, especially in the cavitary form.</p><p>The aim of the study was to assess the clinical significance of the medical history, clinical, laboratory, microbiological, and radiological features of the cavitary and nodular bronchiectatic forms of pulmonary NTM­PD.</p><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. A retrospective analysis included 151 HIV­negative patients examined in Federal State Budgetary Institution “National Medical Research Center for Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (2023 – 2025). The patients had both cavitary form (n = 68) and nodular bronchiectatic form (n = 83). The diagnosis was established according to American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases/Infectious Diseases Society of America (2020) criteria with NTM species identification. Risk factors, clinical and laboratory parameters, computed tomography findings, fluorescent acid­fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smears, NTM species distribution, and the frequency of an initial diagnosis of tuberculosis before microbiological verification were compared. Associations were assessed using odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals; statistical significance was calculated using Fisher’s exact test and the Mann – Whitney U test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The cavitary form was more often associated with smoking (35.3% vs 10.8%; OR 4.49; p &lt; 0.001) and emphysema (OR 4.19; p = 0.002). The nodular bronchiectatic form was more often characterized by bilateral changes (OR 0.30; p = 0.028), bronchiectasis (OR 0.51; p = 0.048), and a treein­bud pattern (OR 0.34; p = 0.007). AFB­positive sputum smears were more frequent in the cavitary form (63.2% vs 21.7%; OR 6.21; p &lt; 0.001). Mycobacterium avium complex predominated in both groups (61.8% and 90.4%), whereas M. kansasii was relatively more frequent in the cavitary form (25.0% vs 3.6%). An initial diagnosis of tuberculosis was made more often for the cavitary form (38.2% vs 8.4%; OR 6.72; p &lt; 0.001).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The two phenotypes differ in risk factors, CT patterns, and microbiological characteristics. Cavitation together with frequent AFB­positive smears in the cavitary form may lead to an initial diagnosis of tuberculosis and warrants expanded microbiological testing for NTM.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микобактериоз легких</kwd><kwd>нетуберкулезные микобактерии</kwd><kwd>кавитарная форма</kwd><kwd>узелково­бронхоэктатическая форма</kwd><kwd>компьютерная томография</kwd><kwd>Mycobacterium avium complex</kwd><kwd>Mycobacterium kansasii</kwd><kwd>туберкулез</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>nontuberculous mycobacteria</kwd><kwd>cavitary form</kwd><kwd>nodular bronchiectatic form</kwd><kwd>computed tomography</kwd><kwd>Mycobacterium avium complex</kwd><kwd>Mycobacterium kansasii</kwd><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daley C.L., Iaccarino J.M., Lange C. et al. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020; 71 (4): e1–36. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa241.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daley C.L., Iaccarino J.M., Lange C. et al. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020; 71 (4): e1–36. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa241.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomson R., Donnan E., Konstantinos A. Notification of nontuberculous mycobacteria: an Australian perspective. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2017; 14 (3): 318–323. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-994OI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomson R., Donnan E., Konstantinos A. Notification of nontuberculous mycobacteria: an Australian perspective. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2017; 14 (3): 318–323. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-994OI.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park S.C., Kang M.J., Han C.H. et al. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in Korea: a nationwide population-based study. BMC Pulm. Med. 2019; 19 (1): 140. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0901-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park S.C., Kang M.J., Han C.H. et al. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in Korea: a nationwide population-based study. BMC Pulm. Med. 2019; 19 (1): 140. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0901-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prevots D.R., Marshall J.E., Wagner D., Morimoto K. et al. Global epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a review. Clin. Chest Med. 2023; 44 (4): 675–721. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2023.08.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prevots D.R., Marshall J.E., Wagner D., Morimoto K. et al. Global epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a review. Clin. Chest Med. 2023; 44 (4): 675–721. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2023.08.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dohál M., Wetzstein N., Hromádková M. et al. Diagnostics, resistance and clinical relevance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria unidentified at the species level by line probe assays: a bi-national study. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2025; 24 (1): 14. DOI: 10.1186/s12941-025-00781-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dohál M., Wetzstein N., Hromádková M. et al. Diagnostics, resistance and clinical relevance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria unidentified at the species level by line probe assays: a bi-national study. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2025; 24 (1): 14. DOI: 10.1186/s12941-025-00781-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwak N., Moon J., Kim J.Y. et al. Clinical course of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Adv. Rheumatol. 2024; 64 (1): 20. DOI: 10.1186/s42358-024-00357-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwak N., Moon J., Kim J.Y. et al. Clinical course of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Adv. Rheumatol. 2024; 64 (1): 20. DOI: 10.1186/s42358-024-00357-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pennington K.M., Vu A., Challener D. et al. Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease. J. Clin. Tuberc. Other Mycobact. Dis. 2021; 24: 100244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100244.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pennington K.M., Vu A., Challener D. et al. Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease. J. Clin. Tuberc. Other Mycobact. Dis. 2021; 24: 100244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100244.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koh W.J., Moon S.M., Kim S.Y. et al. Outcomes of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease based on clinical phenotype. Eur. Respir. J. 2017; 50 (3): 1602503. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02503-2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koh W.J., Moon S.M., Kim S.Y. et al. Outcomes of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease based on clinical phenotype. Eur. Respir. J. 2017; 50 (3): 1602503. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02503-2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Braeckel E., Bosteels C. Growing from common ground: nontuberculous mycobacteria and bronchiectasis. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2024; 33 (173): 240058. DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0058-2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Braeckel E., Bosteels C. Growing from common ground: nontuberculous mycobacteria and bronchiectasis. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2024; 33 (173): 240058. DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0058-2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шмелев Е.И., Зайцева А.С., Макарьянц Н.Н. и др. Опыт работы с больными нетуберкулезными микобактериозами. Пульмонология. 2022; 32 (1): 95–102. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2022-32-1-95-102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shmelev E.I., Zaitseva A.S., Makaryants N.N. et al. [Patients with non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis in clinical practice]. Pul'monologiya. 2022; 32 (1): 95–102. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2022-32-1-95-102 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белобородова Е.Н., Зимина В.Н., Кулабухова Е.И. и др. Сравнительная характеристика туберкулеза и микобактериозов в двух субъектах Российской Федерации: Республике Марий Эл и Владимирской области. Туберкулез и болезни легких. 2024;102 (1): 52–58. DOI: 10.58838/2075-1230-2024-102-1-52-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beloborodova E.N., Zimina V.N., Kulabukhova E.I. et al. [Comparative characteristics of tuberculosis and mycobacteriosis in two regions of the Russian Federation: Mari El Republic and Vladimir Region]. Tuberkulez i bolezni legkikh. 2024; 102 (1): 52–58. DOI: 10.58838/2075-1230-2024-102-1-52-58 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильева И.А., Зимина В.Н., Винокурова О.О. и др. Микобактериозы. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2025. DOI: 10.33029/9704-9196-6-MYC-2025-1-152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasilyeva I.A., Zimina V.N., Vinokurova O.O. et al. [Mycobacteriosis]. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2025. DOI: 10.33029/9704-9196-6-MYC-2025-1-152 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loebinger M.R., Aliberti S., Haworth C. et al. Patients at risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease who need testing evaluated using a modified Delphi process by European experts. ERJ Open Res. 2024; 10 (5): 00791–2023. DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00791-2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loebinger M.R., Aliberti S., Haworth C. et al. Patients at risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease who need testing evaluated using a modified Delphi process by European experts. ERJ Open Res. 2024; 10 (5): 00791–2023. DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00791-2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Griffith D.E., Aksamit T., Brown-Elliott B.A. et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175 (4): 367–416. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Griffith D.E., Aksamit T., Brown-Elliott B.A. et al. An official ATS/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175 (4): 367–416. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200604-571ST.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moon S.M., Park H.Y., Jeon K. et al. Clinical significance of mycobacterium kansasii isolates from respiratory specimens. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (10): e0139621. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139621.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moon S.M., Park H.Y., Jeon K. et al. Clinical significance of mycobacterium kansasii isolates from respiratory specimens. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (10): e0139621. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139621.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jing C., Zheng H., Wang X. et al. Disease burden of tuberculosis and post-tuberculosis in Inner Mongolia, China, 2016–2018 – based on the disease burden of post-TB caused by COPD. BMC Infect. Dis. 2023; 23 (1): 406. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08375-w.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jing C., Zheng H., Wang X. et al. Disease burden of tuberculosis and post-tuberculosis in Inner Mongolia, China, 2016–2018 – based on the disease burden of post-TB caused by COPD. BMC Infect. Dis. 2023; 23 (1): 406. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08375-w.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chin K.L., Sarmiento M.E., Alvarez-Cabrera N. et al. Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections: current state and future management. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis. 2020; 39 (5): 799–826. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03771-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chin K.L., Sarmiento M.E., Alvarez-Cabrera N. et al. Pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections: current state and future management. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis. 2020; 39 (5): 799–826. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03771-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
