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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18093/0869-0189-2026-36-2-247-261</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-4869</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Легочный альвеолярный протеиноз</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-2150</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдеев Сергей Николаевич — д. м. н., профессор, академик Россий­ской академии наук; директор Национального медицинского иссле­довательского центра по профилю «Пульмонология»; заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии Института клинической медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского </p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p><p><ext-link xlink:href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/741582" ext-link-type="uri"> SciProfiles: 741582</ext-link>;<ext-link xlink:href="http://www.scopus.com/inward/authorDetails.url?authorID=7003292838&amp;partnerID=MN8TOARS" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link></p><p><ext-link xlink:href="http://www.scopus.com/inward/authorDetails.url?authorID=7003292838&amp;partnerID=MN8TOARS" ext-link-type="uri">Scopus</ext-link> <ext-link xlink:href="http://www.scopus.com/inward/authorDetails.url?authorID=7003292838&amp;partnerID=MN8TOARS" ext-link-type="uri">Author ID: 7003292838</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey N. Avdeev, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the National Medical Research Center for Pulmonology; Head of the Department of Pulmonology, N.V. Sklifosovsky In­stitute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 11999</p><p><ext-link xlink:href="https://sciprofiles.com/profile/741582" ext-link-type="uri"> SciProfiles: 741582</ext-link>;<ext-link xlink:href="http://www.scopus.com/inward/authorDetails.url?authorID=7003292838&amp;partnerID=MN8TOARS" ext-link-type="uri"> </ext-link></p><p><ext-link xlink:href="http://www.scopus.com/inward/authorDetails.url?authorID=7003292838&amp;partnerID=MN8TOARS" ext-link-type="uri">Scopus</ext-link> <ext-link xlink:href="http://www.scopus.com/inward/authorDetails.url?authorID=7003292838&amp;partnerID=MN8TOARS" ext-link-type="uri">Author ID: 7003292838</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg_avdeev@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мержоева</surname><given-names>З. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merzhoeva</surname><given-names>Z. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мержоева Замира Магомедовна — к. м. н., доцент кафедры пульмоно­логии Института клинической медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского, заведующая пульмонологическим отделением Университетской кли­нической больницы № 4 </p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zamira M. Merzhoeva, Candidate of Medicine, Associate Professor, Depart­ment of Pulmonology, N.VSklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine; Head of the Pulmonology Department, University Clinical Hospital No.4</p><p>ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 11999</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">merzhoeva_z_m@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0685-4133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трушенко</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trushenko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Трушенко Наталья Владимировна — к. м. н., доцент кафедры пульмоно­логии Института клинической медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского Федерального государственного автономного образовательного учре­ждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здра­воохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет); науч­ный сотрудник научно-методического центра мониторинга и контроля болезней органов дыхания Федерального государственного бюджетно­го учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2,</p><p>115682, Москва, Ореховый бульвар, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natal’ya V. Trushenko, Candidate of Medicine, Associate Professor, Depart­ment of Pulmonology, N.VSklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University); Researcher, Scientific and Methodological Center for Monitoring and Control of Respiratory Diseases, Federal State Bud­getary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation</p><p>ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991, </p><p>Orekhovyy bul’var 28, Moscow, 115682</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trushenko.natalia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4335-3987</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Берикханов</surname><given-names>З. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berikkhanov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Берикханов Зелимхан Гези-Махмаевич — к. м. н., доцент кафедры го­спитальной хирургии № 2 Института клинической медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского </p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zelimkhan G. Berikkhanov, Candidate of Medicine, Assistant Professor, N.VSklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 11999</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berikkhanov_z_g@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1847-711X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарабрин</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tarabrin</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тарабрин Евгений Александрович — д. м. н., заведующий кафедрой го­спитальной хирургии № 2 Института клинической медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского </p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 929139</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy A. Tarabrin, Doctor of Medicine, Head of the Department of Hospital Surgery No.2, N.VSklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine</p><p>ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 11999</p><p>Scopus Author ID: 929139</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tarabrin_e_a@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет);&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства России»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University);&#13;
Federal State Budgetary Institution “Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute” under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>36</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>247</fpage><lpage>261</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Авдеев С.Н., Мержоева З.М., Трушенко Н.В., Берикханов З.Г., Тарабрин Е.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С.Н., Мержоева З.М., Трушенко Н.В., Берикханов З.Г., Тарабрин Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N., Merzhoeva Z.M., Trushenko N.V., Berikkhanov N.V., Tarabrin E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/4869">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/4869</self-uri><abstract><p>Легочный альвеолярный протеиноз (ЛАП) — это редкий синдром, при котором происходит аномальное накопление (липо-)протеино- вого материала в альвеолах, часто обусловленное снижением сигнальной активности гранулоцитарно-макрофагального колониестиму­лирующего фактора (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor — GM-CSF), дисфункцией альвеолярных макрофагов или нарушени­ем метаболизма сурфактанта. Аутоиммунный ЛАП (аЛАП) составляет 90 % всех случаев ЛАП, его распространенность — 7—10 случаев на 1 млн в общей популяции.</p><p>Целью работы являлось обобщение современных подходов к диагностике и лечению ЛАП на основе актуальных клинических рекомендаций.</p><p>Заключение. Неспецифическая клиническая картина, рентгенологические данные и нормаль­ные результаты рутинных лабораторных исследований часто приводят к ошибочной диагностике ЛАП и задержке установления диаг­ноза. Тесты на аутоантитела к GM-CSF в сыворотке крови произвели революцию в диагностике аЛАП и в большинстве случаев сдела­ли биопсию легких ненужной. Терапия ЛАП значительно изменилась за последние годы, в рекомендациях Европейского респиратор­ного общества (European Respiratory Society — ERS, 2024) впервые предложен четкий иерархический алгоритм лечения. Полный лечеб­ный лаваж, исторически являвшийся методом лечения 1-й линии, теперь следует обсуждать наряду с ингаляционным применением GM-CSF, учитывая результаты многочисленных высококачественных исследований, опубликованных в последние годы. В случае рефрактерного аЛАП в рекомендациях ERS уточняются последовательность лечения, в которой ритуксимаб рассматривается как метод лечения 3-й линии, а плазмаферез — 4-й линии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare syndrome associated with abnormal accumulation of (lipo-)protein material in the alveoli, often due to decreased granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling activity, dysfunction of alveolar macrophages, or abnormal surfactant metabolism. Autoimmune PAP accounts for 90% of all cases of PAP and has a prevalence of 7 - 10 cases per million in the general pop­ulation.</p><p>The aim of the study is to summarize current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis based on recent clinical guidelines.</p><p>Conclusion. Nonspecific clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and normal routine laboratory results often lead to misdi­agnosis of PAP and prolonged path to the diagnosis. Serum testing for GM-CSF autoantibodies has revolutionized the diagnosis of autoimmune PAP, making lung biopsy unnecessary in most cases. Therapy for PAP has evolved significantly in recent years, and European Respiratory Society (ERS) guidelines (2024) proposed the first clear, hierarchical treatment algorithm. Whole lung lavage, historically a first-line treatment, should now be considered alongside inhaled GM-CSF, based on numerous high-quality studies published in recent years. The ERS guidelines clarify the treat­ment sequence for refractory autoimmune PAP, with rituximab considered a third-line treatment and plasmapheresis a fourth-line treatment.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>легочный альвеолярный протеиноз</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунный легочный альвеолярный протеиноз</kwd><kwd>гранулоцитарно-макрофа¬гальный колониестимулирующий фактор (GM-CSF)</kwd><kwd>полный лечебный лаваж</kwd><kwd>ингаляционная терапия GM-CSF</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</kwd><kwd>autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</kwd><kwd>granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)</kwd><kwd>whole lung lavage</kwd><kwd>inhaled GM-CSF therapy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryerson C.J., Bankier A., Beasley M.B. et al. 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