<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18093/0869-0189-2023-33-5-645-656</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-4306</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Состав бактериального микробиома мокроты у пациентов с ограниченными формами туберкулеза легких</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Composition of bacterial microbiome in sputum of patients with localized forms of pulmonary tuberculosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5534-2062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дружинин</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Druzhinin</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дружинин Владимир Геннадьевич – д. б. н., профессор, профессор кафедры генетики и фундаментальной медицины Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кемеровский государственный университет» Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации; старший научный сотрудник проблемной научно-исследовательской лаборатории Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</p><p>650000, Кемерово, ул. Красная, 6; 650056, Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, 22А</p><p>тел.: (3842) 58-01-66</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir G. Druzhinin, Doctor of Biology, Professor, Professor of the Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kemerovo State University”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation; Senior Researcher, Problem Research Laboratory, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kemerovo State Medical University”, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</p><p>ul. Krasnaya 6, Kemerovo, 650000; ul. Voroshilova 22A, Kemerovo, 650056</p><p>tel.: (3842) 58-01-66</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">druzhinin_vladim@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-8500</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранова</surname><given-names>Е. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranova</surname><given-names>E. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баранова Елизавета Дмитриевна – магистрант кафедры генетики и фундаментальной медицины</p><p>650000, Кемерово, ул. Красная, 6</p><p>тел.: (3842) 58-01-66</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta D. Baranova, Master’s student, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine</p><p>ul. Krasnaya 6, Kemerovo, 650000</p><p>tel.: (3842) 58-01-66</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">laveivana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9433-8341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деменков</surname><given-names>П. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demenkov</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Деменков Павел Сергеевич – к. т. н., доцент кафедры дискретной математики и информатики</p><p>630090, Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, 1</p><p>тел.: (923) 240-95-42</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel S. Demenkov, Candidate of Engineering, Associate Professor, Department of Discrete Mathematics and Computer Science</p><p>ul. Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk, 630090</p><p>tel.: (923) 240-95-42</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">demps@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3475-9125</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>Ju. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Захарова Юлия Викторовна – д. м. н., профессор кафедры микробиологии и вирусологии</p><p>650056, Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, 22А</p><p>тел.: (3842) 73-28-71</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia V. Zakharova, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Virology</p><p>ul. Voroshilova 22A, Kemerovo, 650056</p><p>tel.: (3842) 73-28-71</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yvz@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-0676</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лавряшина</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lavryashina</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лавряшина Мария Борисовна – д. б. н. заведующий кафедрой молекулярной и клеточной биологии</p><p>650056, Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, 22А</p><p>тел.: (905) 960-94-47</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria B. Lavryashina, Doctor of Biology, Head of Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology</p><p>ul. Voroshilova 22A, Kemerovo, 650056</p><p>tel.: (905) 960-94-47</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lmb2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7974-6483</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ларионов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Larionov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ларионов Алексей Викторович – к. б. н., доцент кафедры генетики и фундаментальной медицины</p><p>650000, Кемерово, ул. Красная, 6</p><p>тел.: (3842) 58-01-66</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexei V. Larionov, Candidate of Biology, Associate Professor, Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine</p><p>ul. Krasnaya 6, Kemerovo, 650000</p><p>tel.: (3842) 58-01-66</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">larionov@kemsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3174-1560</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мацкова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matskova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мацкова Людмила Валентиновна – PhD, исследователь департамента микробиологии и клеточной биологии Каролинского института – медицинского университета</p><p>17165, Стокгольм, Солнавэген, 9</p><p>тел.: (46733) 633-89-54</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Liudmila V. Matskova, PhD, Affiliated Researcher, Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology</p><p>Solnavägen 9, Stockholm, 17165, Sweden</p><p> tel.: (46733) 633-89-54</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">liudmila.matskova@ki.se</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8785-7896</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабалдин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabaldin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шабалдин Андрей Владимирович – д. м. н., доцент, профессор кафедры генетики и фундаментальной медицины</p><p>650000, Кемерово, ул. Красная, 6</p><p>тел.: (3842) 90-09-22</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Shabaldin, Doctor of Medicine, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine</p><p>ul. Krasnaya 6, Kemerovo, 650000</p><p>tel.: (3842) 90-09-22</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">weit2007@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-5734</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пьянзова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyanzova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пьянзова Татьяна Владимировна – д. м. н., заведующий кафедрой фтизиатрии</p><p>650056, Кемерово, ул. Ворошилова, 22А</p><p>тел.: (3842) 54-56-51</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana V. Pyanzova, Doctor of Medicine, Head of the Department of Phthisiology</p><p>ul. Voroshilova 22A, Kemerovo, 650056</p><p>tel.: (3842) 54-56-51</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tatyana_vezhnina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Кемеровский государственный университет» Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kemerovo State University”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation; Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kemerovo State Medical University”, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Кемеровский государственный университет» Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kemerovo State University”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет» Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Novosibirsk State University”, Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kemerovo State Medical University”, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Каролинский институт – медицинский университет</institution><country>Швеция</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Karolinska Institutet – a Medical University</institution><country>Sweden</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>645</fpage><lpage>656</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дружинин В.Г., Баранова Е.Д., Деменков П.С., Захарова Ю.В., Лавряшина М.Б., Ларионов А.В., Мацкова Л.В., Шабалдин А.В., Пьянзова Т.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дружинин В.Г., Баранова Е.Д., Деменков П.С., Захарова Ю.В., Лавряшина М.Б., Ларионов А.В., Мацкова Л.В., Шабалдин А.В., Пьянзова Т.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Druzhinin V.G., Baranova E.D., Demenkov P.S., Zakharova J.V., Lavryashina M.B., Larionov A.V., Matskova L.V., Shabaldin A.V., Pyanzova T.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/4306">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/4306</self-uri><abstract><p>По данным исследований последних лет показано, что бактериальный микробиом респираторного тракта имеет влияние на развитие туберкулеза легких (ТЛ). Изменение состава микробиома у пациентов связано с особенностями патогенеза инфекции Mycobacterium tuberculosis, реакции на терапию и клинических исходов заболевания. До настоящего времени состав респираторного микробиома у больных с ограниченными формами ТЛ остается неизученным. Материалы и методы. С использованием технологии секвенирования (NGS) региона V3–V4 бактериального гена, кодирующего 16S рРНК, проанализирован таксономический состав микробиома мокроты у пациентов (n = 14) с ограниченными формами ТЛ (туберкулемами) и здоровых доноров (n = 14) группы сравнения. Результаты. Установлено, что микробиомы мокроты у пациентов обеих сравниваемых групп не имели значимых различий по индексу видового богатства (Шеннона), однако наблюдалось снижение другого параметра альфа-разнообразия – индекса равномерности. Структуры бактериальных сообществ (бета-разнообразие) между больными с ограниченными формами ТЛ и здоровыми субъектами не имели значимых различий. У пациентов с ограниченными формами ТЛ на фоне снижения содержания в мокроте представителей типов Fusobacteria, TM7, Tenericutes, Spirochaetes и SR1, а также родов Dialister, Mycoplasma и Filifactor не наблюдалось явного доминирования какого-либо таксона бактерий. Заключение. Для дальнейшего понимания роли микробиоты мокроты в развитии ограниченных форм ТЛ требуется подтверждение результатами независимых крупномасштабных исследований определенных параметров альфа- и бета-разнообразия, характеризующих микробиом мокроты у пациентов с ограниченными формами ТЛ. Определение титров Prevotella в мокроте у этих больных перспективно для диагностики локализованных форм ТЛ и поиска их геномных маркеров.  </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Recent studies have shown that the respiratory bacterial microbiome has an impact on the development of pulmonary tuberculosis. Changes in the composition of the microbiome have been associated with the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, response to therapy, and clinical outcomes of the disease. To date, the composition of the respiratory microbiome has not been studied in patients with localized forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods. In the present study, the taxonomic composition of the sputum microbiome of 14 patients with localized forms of pulmonary tuberculosis (tuberculomas) and 14 healthy donors in the comparison group was analyzed by sequencing (NGS) of the V3 – V4 region of the bacterial gene encoding 16S rRNA. Results. The sputum microbiomes of the patients and the control group did not have significant differences in the species richness index (Shannon). However, the patients showed a decrease in the uniformity index, another parameter of alpha diversity. Bacterial community structures (beta diversity) did not differ significantly between patients with localized forms of tuberculosis and healthy subjects. In patients with limited forms of tuberculosis, contrary to the decrease in the content of representatives of the phyla Fusobacteria, TM7, Tenericutes, Spirochaetes, and SR1, and of the genera Dialister, Mycoplasma, and Filifactor in the sputum, no clear dominance of any bacterial taxon was observed. Conclusion. Certain alpha and beta diversity parameters that characterize the sputum microbiome of patients with localized forms of pulmonary tuberculosis need to be confirmed in independent large-scale studies to further understand the role of the sputum microbiota in the development of localized forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Determination of Prevotella titers in the sputum of these patients holds promise for the diagnosis of localized forms of pulmonary tuberculosis and the search for their genomic markers.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>туберкулез легкого</kwd><kwd>туберкулемы</kwd><kwd>бактериальный микробиом</kwd><kwd>мокрота</kwd><kwd>таксономический состав</kwd><kwd>16S рРНК</kwd><kwd>NGS-секвенирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pulmonary tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>tuberculomas</kwd><kwd>bacterial microbiome</kwd><kwd>sputum</kwd><kwd>taxonomic composition</kwd><kwd>16S rRNA</kwd><kwd>NGS sequencing</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке государственного задания Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (соглашение № 056-03-2023-050).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the state assignment of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Agreement No.056-03-2023-050).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240037021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240037021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. WHO end TB strategy. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HTM-TB-2015.19 [Accessed: May 23, 2016].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. WHO end TB strategy. Global strategy and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care and control after 2015. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-HTM-TB-2015.19 [Accessed: May 23, 2016].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильева И.А., Тестов В.В., Стерликов С.А. Эпидемическая ситуация по туберкулезу в годы пандемии COVID-19 – 2020–2021 гг. Туберкулез и болезни легких. 2022; 100 (3): 6–12. DOI: 10.21292/2075-1230-2022-100-3-6-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasilyeva I.A., Testov V.V., Sterlikov S.A. [Tuberculosis situation in the years of the COVID-19 pandemic – 2020–2021]. Tuberkulez i bolezni legkikh. 2022; 100 (3): 6–12. DOI: 10.21292/2075-1230-2022-100-3-6-12 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moschos S.A., Williams A.E., Perry M.M. et al. Expression profiling in vivo demonstrates rapid changes in lung microRNA levels following lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation but not in the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids. BMC Genomics. 2007; 8: 240. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-240.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moschos S.A., Williams A.E., Perry M.M. et al. Expression profiling in vivo demonstrates rapid changes in lung microRNA levels following lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation but not in the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids. BMC Genomics. 2007; 8: 240. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-240.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Еремеев В.В., Евстифеев В.В., Шепелькова Г.С. и др. МикроРНК и туберкулез. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2018; 8 (3): 309–315. DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2018-3-309-315.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eremeev V.V., Evstifeev V.V., Shepelkova G.S. et al. MicroRNA and tuberculosis. Infektsiya i immunitet. 2018; 8 (3): 309–315. DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2018-3-309-315 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гуськов А.М., Шепелькова Г.С., Эргешова А.Э. Перспектива использования сывороточных микроРНК в качестве маркеров распада у больных туберкулезом с диагнозом туберкулемы легкого. Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза. 2019; (Прил. 1): 13. DOI: 10.7868/S2587667819050029.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gus'kov A.M., Shepel'kova G.S., Jergeshova A.Je. [Prospects for the use of serum microRNAs as decay markers in tuberculosis patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculoma]. Vestnik Central'nogo nauchno-issledovatel'skogo instituta tuberkuleza. 2019; (Suppl. 1): 13. DOI: 10.7868/S2587667819050029 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wood M.R., Yu E.A., Mehta S. The human microbiome in the fight against tuberculosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2017; 96 (6): 1274–1284. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0581.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wood M.R., Yu E.A., Mehta S. The human microbiome in the fight against tuberculosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2017; 96 (6): 1274–1284. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0581.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eshetie S., van Soolingen D. The respiratory microbiota: new insights into pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect. Dis. 2019; 19 (1): 92. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3712-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eshetie S., van Soolingen D. The respiratory microbiota: new insights into pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect. Dis. 2019; 19 (1): 92. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3712-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ticlla M.R., Hella J., Hiza H. et al. The sputum microbiome in pulmonary tuberculosis and its association with disease manifestations: a cross-sectional study. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12: 633396. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ticlla M.R., Hella J., Hiza H. et al. The sputum microbiome in pulmonary tuberculosis and its association with disease manifestations: a cross-sectional study. Front. Microbiol. 2021; 12: 633396. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.633396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barbosa-Amezcua M., Galeana-Cadena D., Alvarado-Peña N., Silva-Herzog E. The microbiome as part of the contemporary view of tuberculosis disease. Pathogens. 2022; 11 (5): 584. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbosa-Amezcua M., Galeana-Cadena D., Alvarado-Peña N., Silva-Herzog E. The microbiome as part of the contemporary view of tuberculosis disease. Pathogens. 2022; 11 (5): 584. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bolyen E., Rideout J.R., Dillon M.R. et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019; 37 (8): 852–857. DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bolyen E., Rideout J.R., Dillon M.R. et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019; 37 (8): 852–857. DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lozupone C., Knight R. UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005; 71 (12): 8228–8235. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lozupone C., Knight R. UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005; 71 (12): 8228–8235. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Segata N., Izard J., Waldron L. et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011; 12 (6): R60. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Segata N., Izard J., Waldron L. et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011; 12 (6): R60. DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickson R.P., Erb-Downward J.R., Martinez F.J., Huffnagle G.B. The microbiome and the respiratory tract. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2016; 78: 481–504. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105238.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickson R.P., Erb-Downward J.R., Martinez F.J., Huffnagle G.B. The microbiome and the respiratory tract. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2016; 78: 481–504. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105238.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krishna P., Jain A., Bisen P.S. Microbiome diversity in the sputum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis. 2016; 35 (7): 1205–1210. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2654-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krishna P., Jain A., Bisen P.S. Microbiome diversity in the sputum of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis. 2016; 35 (7): 1205–1210. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2654-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dickson R.P., Huffnagle G.B. The lung microbiome: new principles for respiratory bacteriology in health and disease. PLoS Pathog. 2015; 11 (7): e1004923. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004923.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dickson R.P., Huffnagle G.B. The lung microbiome: new principles for respiratory bacteriology in health and disease. PLoS Pathog. 2015; 11 (7): e1004923. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004923.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J., Li F., Tian Z. Role of microbiota on lung homeostasis and diseases. Sci. China Life Sci. 2017; 60 (12): 1407–1415. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9151-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang J., Li F., Tian Z. Role of microbiota on lung homeostasis and diseases. Sci. China Life Sci. 2017; 60 (12): 1407–1415. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9151-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryndak M.B., Laal S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis primary infection and dissemination: a critical role for alveolar epithelial cells. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2019; 9: 299. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryndak M.B., Laal S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis primary infection and dissemination: a critical role for alveolar epithelial cells. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2019; 9: 299. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simmons J.D., Stein C.M., Seshadri C. et al. Immunological mechanisms of human resistance to persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2018; 18 (9): 575–589. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0025-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simmons J.D., Stein C.M., Seshadri C. et al. Immunological mechanisms of human resistance to persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2018; 18 (9): 575–589. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0025-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui Z., Zhou Y., Li H. et al. Complex sputum microbial composition in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Microbiol. 2012; 12: 276. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-276.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui Z., Zhou Y., Li H. et al. Complex sputum microbial composition in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Microbiol. 2012; 12: 276. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-276.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu Y., Kang Y., Liu X. et al. Distinct lung microbial community states in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Sci. China Life Sci. 2020; 63 (10): 1522–1533. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1614-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu Y., Kang Y., Liu X. et al. Distinct lung microbial community states in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Sci. China Life Sci. 2020; 63 (10): 1522–1533. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1614-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheung M.K., Lam W.Y., Fung W.Y. et al. Sputum microbiota in tuberculosis as revealed by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. PLoS One. 2013; 8 (1): e54574. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheung M.K., Lam W.Y., Fung W.Y. et al. Sputum microbiota in tuberculosis as revealed by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing. PLoS One. 2013; 8 (1): e54574. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu J., Liu W., He L. et al. Sputum microbiota associated with new, recurrent and treatment failure tuberculosis. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8 (12): e83445. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu J., Liu W., He L. et al. Sputum microbiota associated with new, recurrent and treatment failure tuberculosis. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8 (12): e83445. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыжова Н.Н., Воронина О.Л., Лосева Э.В. и др. Микробиом респираторного тракта детей с муковисцидозом. Сибирское медицинское обозрение. 2019; (2): 19–28. DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2019-2-19-28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryzhova N.N., Voronina O.L., Loseva E.V. et al. [Respiratory tract microbiome in children with cystic fibrosis]. Sibirskoe meditsinskoe obozrenie. 2019; (2): 19–28. DOI: 10.20333/2500136-2019-2-19-28 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шабалдин А.В., Шабалдина Е.В., Симбирцев А.С. Особенности микробиома верхних отделов респираторного тракта у детей с рецидивирующими респираторными заболеваниями. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2017; 7 (4): 341–349. DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2017-4-341-349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shabaldin A.V., Shabaldina E.V., Simbirtsev A.S. [Features of the microbiome of the upper respiratory tract in children with recurrent respiratory diseases]. Infektsiya i immunitet. 2017; 7 (4): 341–349. DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-2017-4-341-349 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012; 486 (7402): 201–214. DOI: 10.1038/nature11234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Human Microbiome Project Consortium. Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature. 2012; 486 (7402): 201–214. DOI: 10.1038/nature11234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biesbroek G., Tsivtsivadze E., Sanders E.A. et al. Early respiratory microbiota composition determines bacterial succession patterns and respiratory health in children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2014; 190 (11): 1283–1292. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201407-1240OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biesbroek G., Tsivtsivadze E., Sanders E.A. et al. Early respiratory microbiota composition determines bacterial succession patterns and respiratory health in children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2014; 190 (11): 1283–1292. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201407-1240OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo M., Liu Y., Wu P. et al. Alternation of gut microbiota in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Front. Physiol. 2017; 8: 822. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00822.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo M., Liu Y., Wu P. et al. Alternation of gut microbiota in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Front. Physiol. 2017; 8: 822. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00822.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
