The article compiles data on neuropeptide impact upon respiratory function, including the impact upon tonus and motorics of the bronchi, bronchial patency and secretion, the tonus of pulmonary and peripheral blood vessels in normal and abnormal conditions. In particular, the influences of such regulatory peptides as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), hystidin-methionin peptide (HMP), bombesin, neurokinines, galantine, opiates are discussed. Findings concerning the role of non-cholinergic and non-adrenegic transmission and possible participation of biologically active substances as neurotransmitters are presented. The development of new pharmacological compounds based on regulatory peptides, in particular, for the treatment of lung abnormalities, primarily bronchial asthma, is also discussed.