pulmoПульмонологияPULMONOLOGIYA0869-01892541-9617Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLCpulmo-2957Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWФорадил (формотерола фумарат): значение и место в терапии бронхиальной астмы и хронической обструктивной болезни легкихForadil (formoterol fumarate): a significance and a place in the therapy of asthma and COPDАвдеевC. Н.AvdeevS. N.
Москва
НИИ пульмонологии Минздрава РФRussian Federation20022410202103111123Copyright © Авдеев C.Н., 20212021Авдеев C.Н.Avdeev S.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/2957
.
ReferencesАвдеев С.Н, Айсанов З.Р. Пролонгированные р2-агонисты: место в терапии обструктивных болезней легких. Consilium Medicum 2001; 3 (3): 114-121.Авдеев С.Н, Айсанов З.Р. Пролонгированные р2-агонисты: место в терапии обструктивных болезней легких. Consilium Medicum 2001; 3 (3): 114-121.Авдеев С.Н. Устройства доставки ингаляционных препаратов, используемые при терапии заболеваний дыхательных путей. Рус. мед. журн. 2002; 10 (5): 255-261.Авдеев С.Н. Устройства доставки ингаляционных препаратов, используемые при терапии заболеваний дыхательных путей. Рус. мед. журн. 2002; 10 (5): 255-261.Цой А.Н. Клиническая фармакология форадила (формотерола фумарат). Пульмонология 2002; 1: 101-105.Цой А.Н. Клиническая фармакология форадила (формотерола фумарат). Пульмонология 2002; 1: 101-105.Anderson G.P. Formoterol: pharmacology, molecular basis of agonism and mechanism of long duration of a highly potent and selective beta2-adrenoreceptor agonist bronchodilator. Life Sci. 1993; 52: 2145-2160.Anderson G.P. Formoterol: pharmacology, molecular basis of agonism and mechanism of long duration of a highly potent and selective beta2-adrenoreceptor agonist bronchodilator. Life Sci. 1993; 52: 2145-2160.Anderson G.P., Linden A., Rabe K.F. Why are long-acting betaadrenoceptor agonists long-acting? Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 569-578.Anderson G.P., Linden A., Rabe K.F. Why are long-acting betaadrenoceptor agonists long-acting? Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 569-578.Anderson S.D., Rodwell L.T., Du Toil J. et al. Duration of protection by inhaled salmeterol in exercise-induced asthma. Chest 1991; 100: 1254-1260.Anderson S.D., Rodwell L.T., Du Toil J. et al. Duration of protection by inhaled salmeterol in exercise-induced asthma. Chest 1991; 100: 1254-1260.Appleton S., Smith B., Veale A., Bara A. Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2000; (2): CD001104.Appleton S., Smith B., Veale A., Bara A. Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2000; (2): CD001104.Assi K., Chrystyn H. The different resistance of dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 164: K124.Assi K., Chrystyn H. The different resistance of dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 164: K124.ATS Statement. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ibid. 1995; 152: S77-S120.ATS Statement. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ibid. 1995; 152: S77-S120.Barnes P.J. Scientific rationale for inhaled combination therapy with long-acting p2-agonists and corticosteroids. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 182-191.Barnes P.J. Scientific rationale for inhaled combination therapy with long-acting p2-agonists and corticosteroids. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 182-191.Bartow R. Formoterol. An update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of asthma. Drugs 1998; 55 (2): 303-322.Bartow R. Formoterol. An update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of asthma. Drugs 1998; 55 (2): 303-322.Benhamou D., Cuvelier A., Muir J. F. et al. Rapid onset of bronchodilation in COPD: a placebo-controlled study comparing formoterol (Foradil Aerolizer) with salbutamol (Ventodisk). Respir. Med. 2001; 95: 817-821.Benhamou D., Cuvelier A., Muir J. F. et al. Rapid onset of bronchodilation in COPD: a placebo-controlled study comparing formoterol (Foradil Aerolizer) with salbutamol (Ventodisk). Respir. Med. 2001; 95: 817-821.Bensch G., Lapidus R.J., Levine B.E. et al. A randomized, 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing formoterol dry powder inhaler with albuterol metered-dose inhaler. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001; 86: 19-27.Bensch G., Lapidus R.J., Levine B.E. et al. A randomized, 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing formoterol dry powder inhaler with albuterol metered-dose inhaler. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2001; 86: 19-27.Blokhin B.M., Socolovsky A.L., Bensch G. et al. Effect of regular use of formoterol in children with persistent asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 14 (supp!.30): 40s.Blokhin B.M., Socolovsky A.L., Bensch G. et al. Effect of regular use of formoterol in children with persistent asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 14 (supp!.30): 40s.Bouros D., Bachlitzanakis N., Kottakis J. et al. Formoterol and beclomethasone versus higher dose beclomethasone as maintenance therapy in adult asthma. Ibid. (3): 627-632.Bouros D., Bachlitzanakis N., Kottakis J. et al. Formoterol and beclomethasone versus higher dose beclomethasone as maintenance therapy in adult asthma. Ibid. (3): 627-632.Bousquet J., Meziane H., Le Gros V., Bourdeix I. Efficacy of formoterol in asthmatic patients sub-optimally controlled with salmeterol. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 165: D60.Bousquet J., Meziane H., Le Gros V., Bourdeix I. Efficacy of formoterol in asthmatic patients sub-optimally controlled with salmeterol. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 165: D60.Bronsky E. Foradil provides rapid and long acting protection against exercise-induced bronchospasm. Ibid. 1997; 155 (4): A964.Bronsky E. Foradil provides rapid and long acting protection against exercise-induced bronchospasm. Ibid. 1997; 155 (4): A964.Burgess C., Ayson М., Rajasingham S. et al. The extrapulmonary effects of increasing doses of formoterol in patients with asthma. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1998; 54: 141-147.Burgess C., Ayson М., Rajasingham S. et al. The extrapulmonary effects of increasing doses of formoterol in patients with asthma. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1998; 54: 141-147.Cazzola М., Imperatore F., Salzillo A. et al. Cardiac effects of formoterol and salmeterol in patients suffering from COPD with preexisting cardiac arrhythmias and hypoxemia. Chest 1998; 114:411-415.Cazzola М., Imperatore F., Salzillo A. et al. Cardiac effects of formoterol and salmeterol in patients suffering from COPD with preexisting cardiac arrhythmias and hypoxemia. Chest 1998; 114:411-415.Cazzola М., Matera M.G. Should long-acting (32-agonists be considered an alternative first choice option for the treatment of stable COPD? Respir. Med. 1999; 93: 227-229.Cazzola М., Matera M.G. Should long-acting (32-agonists be considered an alternative first choice option for the treatment of stable COPD? Respir. Med. 1999; 93: 227-229.Chew N.Y., Chan H.K. In vitro aerosol performance and dose uniformity between the Foradile Aerolizer and the Oxis Turbuhaler. J. Aerosol. Med. 2001 Winter; 14: 495-501.Chew N.Y., Chan H.K. In vitro aerosol performance and dose uniformity between the Foradile Aerolizer and the Oxis Turbuhaler. J. Aerosol. Med. 2001 Winter; 14: 495-501.Cloosterman S.G.M ., Bijl-Hofland I.D., van Herwaarderi C.L.A. et al A placebo-controlled clinical trial of regular monotherapy with short-acting and long-acting P2-agonists 'n allergic asthmatic patients. Chest 2001; 119: 1306-1315.Cloosterman S.G.M ., Bijl-Hofland I.D., van Herwaarderi C.L.A. et al A placebo-controlled clinical trial of regular monotherapy with short-acting and long-acting P2-agonists 'n allergic asthmatic patients. Chest 2001; 119: 1306-1315.Condemi J.J. Comparison of the efficacy of formoterol and salmeterol in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease: a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial. Clin. Ther. 2001; 23: 1529-1541.Condemi J.J. Comparison of the efficacy of formoterol and salmeterol in patients with reversible obstructive airway disease: a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial. Clin. Ther. 2001; 23: 1529-1541.Dahl R., Kristufek P., Greefhorst A.P.M. et al. The cardiac safety profile of formoterol dry powder is similar to placebo in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 16 (suppl. 31): 51s.Dahl R., Kristufek P., Greefhorst A.P.M. et al. The cardiac safety profile of formoterol dry powder is similar to placebo in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 16 (suppl. 31): 51s.Dahl R., Greefhorst A.P.М., Nowak D. et al. Inhaled formoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164: 778-784.Dahl R., Greefhorst A.P.М., Nowak D. et al. Inhaled formoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164: 778-784.D'Urzo A.D., De Salvo M.C., Ram irez-River a A. el al. In patients with COPD, treatment with a combination of formoterol and ipratropium is more effective than a combination of salbutamol and ipratropium: a 3-week, randomized, double-blind, withinpatient, multicenter study. Chest 2001; 119: 1347-1356.D'Urzo A.D., De Salvo M.C., Ram irez-River a A. el al. In patients with COPD, treatment with a combination of formoterol and ipratropium is more effective than a combination of salbutamol and ipratropium: a 3-week, randomized, double-blind, withinpatient, multicenter study. Chest 2001; 119: 1347-1356.Eliraz A., Ramirez-Rivera A., Ferranti P. et al. Similar efficacy following four weeks treatment of asthmatics with formoterol 12 micrograms b.d. delivered by two different dry powder inhalers: differences in inhaler handling. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2001; 55 (3): 164-170.Eliraz A., Ramirez-Rivera A., Ferranti P. et al. Similar efficacy following four weeks treatment of asthmatics with formoterol 12 micrograms b.d. delivered by two different dry powder inhalers: differences in inhaler handling. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2001; 55 (3): 164-170.Ferrari М., Balestreri F ., Baratieri S. et al. Evidence of the rapid protective effect of formoterol dry-powder inhalation against exercise-induced bronchospasm in athletes with asthma. Respiration 2000; 67: 510-515.Ferrari М., Balestreri F ., Baratieri S. et al. Evidence of the rapid protective effect of formoterol dry-powder inhalation against exercise-induced bronchospasm in athletes with asthma. Respiration 2000; 67: 510-515.FitzGerald J.M., Chapman K.R., Della Cioppa G. et al. Sustained bronchoprotection, bronchodilatation, and symptom control during regular formoterol use in asthma of moderate or greater severity. The Canadian FO/OD1 Study Group. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999; 103: 427-435.FitzGerald J.M., Chapman K.R., Della Cioppa G. et al. Sustained bronchoprotection, bronchodilatation, and symptom control during regular formoterol use in asthma of moderate or greater severity. The Canadian FO/OD1 Study Group. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999; 103: 427-435.Gabbay M .B., Kane H., Di Benedetto G. A comparison of formoterol and salmeterol dry powders in the treatment of nocturnal asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 12 (suppl.28): 325s.Gabbay M .B., Kane H., Di Benedetto G. A comparison of formoterol and salmeterol dry powders in the treatment of nocturnal asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 12 (suppl.28): 325s.Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: N HLBI/W FIO global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) workshop summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 163: 1256-1276.Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: N HLBI/W FIO global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) workshop summary. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 163: 1256-1276.Global strategy for asthma management and prevention N FILBI/W HO Workshop Report: NIFI Publication № 02-3659. The 2002 report is available on www.ginasthma.comGlobal strategy for asthma management and prevention N FILBI/W HO Workshop Report: NIFI Publication № 02-3659. The 2002 report is available on www.ginasthma.comGreefhorst A.P.M., Thomson М.И., Byrne A., Till D. The efficacy of formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not influenced by concomitant corticosteroid use. Eur. Respir. J. 2001; 18 (suppl.33): 515s.Greefhorst A.P.M., Thomson М.И., Byrne A., Till D. The efficacy of formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not influenced by concomitant corticosteroid use. Eur. Respir. J. 2001; 18 (suppl.33): 515s.Ilacki M.A., Hinz G.W., Medici T.C. Clinical experience over 5 years of daily therapy with formoterol in patients with bronchial asthma. Clin. Drug Invest. 1997; 14: 165-174.Ilacki M.A., Hinz G.W., Medici T.C. Clinical experience over 5 years of daily therapy with formoterol in patients with bronchial asthma. Clin. Drug Invest. 1997; 14: 165-174.Johnson Al. The р-adrenoceptor. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 158 (pt 2): S146-S153.Johnson Al. The р-adrenoceptor. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 158 (pt 2): S146-S153.Johnson М., Rennard S. Alternative mechanisms for long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists in COPD. Chest 2001; 120: 258-270.Johnson М., Rennard S. Alternative mechanisms for long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonists in COPD. Chest 2001; 120: 258-270.Jones P.W., Brambilla R., Till D. Quality of life in patients treated with two long-acting p2-agonists: Formoterol and Salmeterol. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10 (suppl.25): 3s.Jones P.W., Brambilla R., Till D. Quality of life in patients treated with two long-acting p2-agonists: Formoterol and Salmeterol. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10 (suppl.25): 3s.Kottakis J., Woods R., Le Gross V., Della Cioppa G. Клиническая эффективность формотерола при отсутствии эффекта на сальметерол. Пульмонология 2001; 4: 98-102.Kottakis J., Woods R., Le Gross V., Della Cioppa G. Клиническая эффективность формотерола при отсутствии эффекта на сальметерол. Пульмонология 2001; 4: 98-102.Kristufek P., Levine В., Della Cioppa G. et al. Bronchodilatory effects of formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not influenced by concomitant corticosteroid use. Eur. Respir. J. 2001; 18 (suppl. 33): 514s—515s.Kristufek P., Levine В., Della Cioppa G. et al. Bronchodilatory effects of formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not influenced by concomitant corticosteroid use. Eur. Respir. J. 2001; 18 (suppl. 33): 514s—515s.Lecaillon J.B ., Kaiser G., Palmisano M. et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of formoterol in healthy volunteers after a single high dose of Foradil dry powder inhalation via Aerolizer’“. Eur. J.Clin. Pharmacol. 1999; 55: 131-138.Lecaillon J.B ., Kaiser G., Palmisano M. et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of formoterol in healthy volunteers after a single high dose of Foradil dry powder inhalation via Aerolizer’“. Eur. J.Clin. Pharmacol. 1999; 55: 131-138.Lim T.K., Ooi S., Lee S.K. The efficacy of formoterol vs salbutamol in emergency room asthma: a randomized controlledstudy. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 14 (suppl.30): 327s.Lim T.K., Ooi S., Lee S.K. The efficacy of formoterol vs salbutamol in emergency room asthma: a randomized controlledstudy. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 14 (suppl.30): 327s.Lipworth B., Tan S., Devlin M. et al. Effects of treatment withformoterol on bronchoprotection against methacholine. Am. J.Med. 1998; 104: 431-438.Lipworth B., Tan S., Devlin M. et al. Effects of treatment withformoterol on bronchoprotection against methacholine. Am. J.Med. 1998; 104: 431-438.Lotvall J., Mellen A., Arvidsson P. et al. Similar bronchodilation with formoterol delivered by aerolizer or turbuhaler. Can.Respir. J. 1999; 6: 412-416.Lotvall J., Mellen A., Arvidsson P. et al. Similar bronchodilation with formoterol delivered by aerolizer or turbuhaler. Can.Respir. J. 1999; 6: 412-416.Lotvall J. Pharmacological similarities and differences betweenbeta2-agonists. Respir. Med. 2001; 95 (suppl.B): S7-S11.Lotvall J. Pharmacological similarities and differences betweenbeta2-agonists. Respir. Med. 2001; 95 (suppl.B): S7-S11.Lofdahl C.G., Chung K.F. Long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists: a new perspective in the treatment of asthma. Eur. Respir.J. 1991; 4: 218-226.Lofdahl C.G., Chung K.F. Long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists: a new perspective in the treatment of asthma. Eur. Respir.J. 1991; 4: 218-226.Martin R. Nocturnal asthma: mechanistic and clinical implication. In: Holgate S.T., Boushey H.A., Fabri L.M., eds. Difficultasthma. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 1999. 205-223.Martin R. Nocturnal asthma: mechanistic and clinical implication. In: Holgate S.T., Boushey H.A., Fabri L.M., eds. Difficultasthma. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd; 1999. 205-223.Molimard M., Bourcereau J., Le Gros V. et al. French FOR-F01 Study Group. Comparison between formoterol 12 microgb.i.d. and on-demand salbutamol in moderate persistent asthma.Respir. Med. 2001; 95: 64-70.Molimard M., Bourcereau J., Le Gros V. et al. French FOR-F01 Study Group. Comparison between formoterol 12 microgb.i.d. and on-demand salbutamol in moderate persistent asthma.Respir. Med. 2001; 95: 64-70.Aloore R.H., Khan A., Dickey B.F. Long-acting inhaled p2-agonists in asthma therapy. Chest 1998; 113: 1095-1108.Aloore R.H., Khan A., Dickey B.F. Long-acting inhaled p2-agonists in asthma therapy. Chest 1998; 113: 1095-1108.Naline E., Zhang Y., Qian Y. et al. Relaxant effects and durations of action of formoterol and salmeterol on the isolatedhuman bronchus. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 914-920.Naline E., Zhang Y., Qian Y. et al. Relaxant effects and durations of action of formoterol and salmeterol on the isolatedhuman bronchus. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 914-920.National asthma education program and prevention programexpert panel report II. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda: Md: NFILBI, NIH; 1997.National asthma education program and prevention programexpert panel report II. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. Bethesda: Md: NFILBI, NIH; 1997.Nielsen K.G., Skov M ., Klug B. et al. Flow-dependent effect offormoterol dry-powder inhaled from the Aerolizer. Eur. Respir. J.1997; 10: 2105-2109.Nielsen K.G., Skov M ., Klug B. et al. Flow-dependent effect offormoterol dry-powder inhaled from the Aerolizer. Eur. Respir. J.1997; 10: 2105-2109.Palmqvist M., Persson G., Lazer L. et al. Inhaled dry powder formoterol and salmererol in asthmatic patients: onset of action, duration of effect and potency. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 2484-2489.Palmqvist M., Persson G., Lazer L. et al. Inhaled dry powder formoterol and salmererol in asthmatic patients: onset of action, duration of effect and potency. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 2484-2489.Palmqvist M., Ibsen T., Mellen A., Lotvall J. Comparison of the relative efficacy of formoterol and salmeterol in asthmatic patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 160: 244-249.Palmqvist M., Ibsen T., Mellen A., Lotvall J. Comparison of the relative efficacy of formoterol and salmeterol in asthmatic patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 160: 244-249.Pauwels R.A., Lofdahl C.G., Postma D.S. et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337: 1405-1411.Pauwels R.A., Lofdahl C.G., Postma D.S. et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 337: 1405-1411.Politiek M.J., Boorsma A l., Aalbers R. Comparison of formoterol, salbutamol and salmeterol in methylcholine-induced severe bronchoconstriction. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 13: 988-992.Politiek M.J., Boorsma A l., Aalbers R. Comparison of formoterol, salbutamol and salmeterol in methylcholine-induced severe bronchoconstriction. Eur. Respir. J. 1999; 13: 988-992.Postma D.S., Lofdahl C.G., Tattersfield A. et al. Formoterol used on demand improves quality of life in patients with asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: A760.Postma D.S., Lofdahl C.G., Tattersfield A. et al. Formoterol used on demand improves quality of life in patients with asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: A760.Ramsdale E.H ., Otis J., Kline P.A. et al. Prolonged protection against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction by the inhaled beta2-agonist formoterol. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 143: 998-1001.Ramsdale E.H ., Otis J., Kline P.A. et al. Prolonged protection against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction by the inhaled beta2-agonist formoterol. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 143: 998-1001.Rosenborg J., Bengtsson T, Larsson P. et al. Relative systemic dose potency and tolerability of inhaled formoterol and salbutamol in healthy subjects and asthmatics. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2000; 56: 363-370.Rosenborg J., Bengtsson T, Larsson P. et al. Relative systemic dose potency and tolerability of inhaled formoterol and salbutamol in healthy subjects and asthmatics. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2000; 56: 363-370.Rossi A., Kristufek P., Levine B.E. et al. Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (FICO PD) II Study Group. Comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of formoterol dry powder and oral, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 1058-1069.Rossi A., Kristufek P., Levine B.E. et al. Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (FICO PD) II Study Group. Comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of formoterol dry powder and oral, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 1058-1069.Rott Z., Bocskei C., Poczi M. et al. Formoterol (Oxis®) has a more favorable therapeutic index ratio than salbutamol pMDI in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 163 (5, pt 2): A 643.Rott Z., Bocskei C., Poczi M. et al. Formoterol (Oxis®) has a more favorable therapeutic index ratio than salbutamol pMDI in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 163 (5, pt 2): A 643.Sichletidis L., Kottakis J., Marcou S. et al. Bronchodilatory responses to formoterol, ipratropium, and their combination in patients with stable COPD. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 1999; 53: 185-188.Sichletidis L., Kottakis J., Marcou S. et al. Bronchodilatory responses to formoterol, ipratropium, and their combination in patients with stable COPD. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 1999; 53: 185-188.Steffensen I. Inhaled formoterol dry powder in the treatment of patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. A 3-month, placebo-controlled comparison of the efficacy and safety of formoterol and salbutamol, followed by a 12-month trial with formoterol. Allergy 1995; 50: 657-663.Steffensen I. Inhaled formoterol dry powder in the treatment of patients with reversible obstructive airway disease. A 3-month, placebo-controlled comparison of the efficacy and safety of formoterol and salbutamol, followed by a 12-month trial with formoterol. Allergy 1995; 50: 657-663.Tattersfield A., Lofdahl C.G., Postma D.S. et al. As needed medication in asthma: randomised trial comparing formoterol, a long acting beta-agonist with terbutaline. Lancet 2001; 357: 257-261.Tattersfield A., Lofdahl C.G., Postma D.S. et al. As needed medication in asthma: randomised trial comparing formoterol, a long acting beta-agonist with terbutaline. Lancet 2001; 357: 257-261.Thomson N.C., Angus R., Quebe-Fehling E., Brambilla R. Efficacy and tolerability of formoterol in elderly patients with reversible obstructive airways disease. Respir. Med. 1998; 92: 562-567.Thomson N.C., Angus R., Quebe-Fehling E., Brambilla R. Efficacy and tolerability of formoterol in elderly patients with reversible obstructive airways disease. Respir. Med. 1998; 92: 562-567.Totterman K.J., Huhti L., Sutinen E. et al. Tolerability to high doses of formoterol and terbutaline via Turbuhaler® for 3 days in stable asthmatic patients. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 12: 573-579.Totterman K.J., Huhti L., Sutinen E. et al. Tolerability to high doses of formoterol and terbutaline via Turbuhaler® for 3 days in stable asthmatic patients. Eur. Respir. J. 1998; 12: 573-579.Turner-Warwick M. Epidemiology of nocturnal asthma. Am. J. Med. 1988; 85: 6-8.Turner-Warwick M. Epidemiology of nocturnal asthma. Am. J. Med. 1988; 85: 6-8.Vervloet D., Ekstrom Т., Pela R. et al. A 6-month comparison between formoterol and salmeterol in patients with reversible obstructive airways disease. Respir. Med. 1998; 92: 836-842.Vervloet D., Ekstrom Т., Pela R. et al. A 6-month comparison between formoterol and salmeterol in patients with reversible obstructive airways disease. Respir. Med. 1998; 92: 836-842.Wallin A ., Sandstrom Т., Rosenhall L. et al. Time course and duration of bronchodilation with formoterol dry powder in patients with stable asthma. Thorax 1993; 48: 611-614.Wallin A ., Sandstrom Т., Rosenhall L. et al. Time course and duration of bronchodilation with formoterol dry powder in patients with stable asthma. Thorax 1993; 48: 611-614.Wong B.J., Dolovich J., Ramsdale E.H. et al. Formoterol compared with beclomethasone and placebo on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 146: 1156-1160.Wong B.J., Dolovich J., Ramsdale E.H. et al. Formoterol compared with beclomethasone and placebo on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 146: 1156-1160.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.