<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-2516</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Функциональные тесты оценки силы дыхательных мышц в клинической практике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Functional tests evaluating respiratory muscle strength in clinical practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>НИИ пульмонологии М3 РФ</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2004</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>104</fpage><lpage>113</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Авдеев С.Н., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/2516">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/2516</self-uri><abstract><p>.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>.</p></trans-abstract></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epstein S. An overview of respiratory muscle function. Chest Clin. N. Am. 1994: 15: 619-639.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epstein S. An overview of respiratory muscle function. Chest Clin. N. Am. 1994: 15: 619-639.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Begin P., Grassino A. Inspiratory muscle dysfunction and chronic hypercapnia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 143: 905-912.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Begin P., Grassino A. Inspiratory muscle dysfunction and chronic hypercapnia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 143: 905-912.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rousso s C. Respiratory muscle and ventilatory failure. Chest 1990: 97: 89S-96S.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rousso s C. Respiratory muscle and ventilatory failure. Chest 1990: 97: 89S-96S.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roussos C.H., Macklem P.T. The respiratory muscles. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982; 307: 786-797.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roussos C.H., Macklem P.T. The respiratory muscles. N. Engl. J. Med. 1982; 307: 786-797.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green М ., Moxam J. The respiratory muscles. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988; 319: 827-835.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green М ., Moxam J. The respiratory muscles. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988; 319: 827-835.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mead J., Loving S.H. Analysis of volume displacement and length changes of the diaphragm during breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982; 53; 750-755.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mead J., Loving S.H. Analysis of volume displacement and length changes of the diaphragm during breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 1982; 53; 750-755.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polkey M .I., Moxam J. Clinical aspects of respiratory muscle dysfunction in the critically ill. Chest 2001; 119: 926-939.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polkey M .I., Moxam J. Clinical aspects of respiratory muscle dysfunction in the critically ill. Chest 2001; 119: 926-939.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flaminiano L.E., Celli. B.R. Respiratory muscles testing. Clin. Chest Med. 2001; 22: 661-677.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flaminiano L.E., Celli. B.R. Respiratory muscles testing. Clin. Chest Med. 2001; 22: 661-677.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamnegard C.-H., Wragg S., Mills G.H. et al. The effect of lung volume on transdiaphragmatic pressure. Eur. Respir. J. 1995; 8 : 1 532-1536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamnegard C.-H., Wragg S., Mills G.H. et al. The effect of lung volume on transdiaphragmatic pressure. Eur. Respir. J. 1995; 8 : 1 532-1536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Similowski Т., Yan S., Gauthier A.P. et al. Contractile properties of the hum an diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991; 325; 917-923.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Similowski Т., Yan S., Gauthier A.P. et al. Contractile properties of the hum an diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991; 325; 917-923.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahn H., Otis A.B., Chadwick L.E. et al. The pressure-volume diagram of the thorax and lung. Am. J. Physiol. 1946; 146: 161 —178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahn H., Otis A.B., Chadwick L.E. et al. The pressure-volume diagram of the thorax and lung. Am. J. Physiol. 1946; 146: 161 —178.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NHLBI Workshop on respiratory muscle fatigue: Report of the respiratory muscle fatigue workshop group. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990; 142: 474-480.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NHLBI Workshop on respiratory muscle fatigue: Report of the respiratory muscle fatigue workshop group. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990; 142: 474-480.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen C.A., Zagelbaum G., Gross D. et al. Clinical manifestation of inspiratory muscle fatigue. Am. J. Med. 1982; 73: 308-316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen C.A., Zagelbaum G., Gross D. et al. Clinical manifestation of inspiratory muscle fatigue. Am. J. Med. 1982; 73: 308-316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efthimiou J., Fleming J., Spiro S.G. Sternomastoid muscle function and fatigue in breathless patients with severe respiratory disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1987; 136: 1099-1105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efthimiou J., Fleming J., Spiro S.G. Sternomastoid muscle function and fatigue in breathless patients with severe respiratory disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1987; 136: 1099-1105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vassilakopoulos T., Zakynthinos S., R oussos C. The tensiontime index and the frequency/tidal volume ratio are the major pathophysiologic determinants of weaning failure and success. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 158: 378-385.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vassilakopoulos T., Zakynthinos S., R oussos C. The tensiontime index and the frequency/tidal volume ratio are the major pathophysiologic determinants of weaning failure and success. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 158: 378-385.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D ecram er М., Lacquet L.M., Fagard. R., R ogiers P. Corticosteroids contribute to muscle weakness in chronic airflow obstruction. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 150: 11-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D ecram er М., Lacquet L.M., Fagard. R., R ogiers P. Corticosteroids contribute to muscle weakness in chronic airflow obstruction. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 150: 11-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schols A.M., Soeters P.B., Mostert R. et al. Physiologic effects of nutritional support and anabolic steroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152: 1268-1274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schols A.M., Soeters P.B., Mostert R. et al. Physiologic effects of nutritional support and anabolic steroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 152: 1268-1274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McParland C., Khrishnan B ., Wang Y., Gallagher C. Inspiratory muscle weakness and dyspnea in chronic heart failure. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 146: 467 -472.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McParland C., Khrishnan B ., Wang Y., Gallagher C. Inspiratory muscle weakness and dyspnea in chronic heart failure. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1992; 146: 467 -472.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deem S., Lee C.M., Curtis J.R. Acquired neuromuscular disorders in the intensive care unit. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 168: 735-739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deem S., Lee C.M., Curtis J.R. Acquired neuromuscular disorders in the intensive care unit. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 168: 735-739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gibson G.J. Measurement of respiratory muscle strength. Respir. Med. 1995; 89: 529-535.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gibson G.J. Measurement of respiratory muscle strength. Respir. Med. 1995; 89: 529-535.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Troyer A. Effect of hyperinflation on the diaphragm. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 708-712.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Troyer A. Effect of hyperinflation on the diaphragm. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 708-712.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whitelaw W.A., Hajdo L.E., Wallace J.A. Relationships among pressure, tension, and shape of the diaphragm. J. Appl. Physiol. 1983; 62: 180-186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitelaw W.A., Hajdo L.E., Wallace J.A. Relationships among pressure, tension, and shape of the diaphragm. J. Appl. Physiol. 1983; 62: 180-186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Similowski T., Duguet A ., Prodanovic H., Straus C. Exploration du diaphragme en réanimation. Réanimation 2003; 12: 6 - 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Similowski T., Duguet A ., Prodanovic H., Straus C. Exploration du diaphragme en réanimation. Réanimation 2003; 12: 6 - 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tobin M.J. The respiratory muscles in disease. Clin. Chest Med. 1988; 9: 263-286.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tobin M.J. The respiratory muscles in disease. Clin. Chest Med. 1988; 9: 263-286.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ATS/ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 518-624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ATS/ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 518-624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Black L., Hyatt R. Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1969; 99: 696-702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Black L., Hyatt R. Maximal respiratory pressures: normal values and relationship to age and sex. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1969; 99: 696-702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchinson J. On the capacity of the lung, and on the respiratory functions, with a view of establishing a precise and easy method of detecting disease by the spirometer. Med. Chir. Trans. 1846; 29: 137-252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchinson J. On the capacity of the lung, and on the respiratory functions, with a view of establishing a precise and easy method of detecting disease by the spirometer. Med. Chir. Trans. 1846; 29: 137-252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плетнев Д.Д. Исследование органов дыхания. В кн.: Левин А.М., Плетнев Д.Д. (ред.). Основы клинической диагностики. 4-е изд. М.: Гос. изд-во; 1928. 115-189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Плетнев Д.Д. Исследование органов дыхания. В кн.: Левин А.М., Плетнев Д.Д. (ред.). Основы клинической диагностики. 4-е изд. М.: Гос. изд-во; 1928. 115-189.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rinqvist Т. The ventilatory capacity in healthy subjects: an analysis of causal factors with special reference to the respiratory forces. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1966; 18: 8 - 170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rinqvist Т. The ventilatory capacity in healthy subjects: an analysis of causal factors with special reference to the respiratory forces. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1966; 18: 8 - 170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clanton T.L., Diaz P.T. Clinical assessment of the respiratory muscles. Phys.Ther. 1995; 75: 983-995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clanton T.L., Diaz P.T. Clinical assessment of the respiratory muscles. Phys.Ther. 1995; 75: 983-995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rochester D.F. Tests of respiratory muscle function. Clin. Chest Med. 1988; 9: 249-261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rochester D.F. Tests of respiratory muscle function. Clin. Chest Med. 1988; 9: 249-261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Polkey М ., Moxam J. Terminology and testing of respiratory muscles dysfunction. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 1999; 6 : 514-519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polkey М ., Moxam J. Terminology and testing of respiratory muscles dysfunction. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 1999; 6 : 514-519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Windisch W., Hennings E., Sorichter S. et al. Peak or plateau maximal inspiratory mouth pressure: which is best? Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 23: 708-713.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Windisch W., Hennings E., Sorichter S. et al. Peak or plateau maximal inspiratory mouth pressure: which is best? Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 23: 708-713.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aldrich Т.К., Spiro P. Maximal inspiratory pressure: does reproducibility indicate full effort? Thorax 1995; 50: 40-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aldrich Т.К., Spiro P. Maximal inspiratory pressure: does reproducibility indicate full effort? Thorax 1995; 50: 40-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rochester D.F., Arora N.S. Respiratory muscle failure. Med. Clin. N. Am. 1983; 67: 573-598.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rochester D.F., Arora N.S. Respiratory muscle failure. Med. Clin. N. Am. 1983; 67: 573-598.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leech J.A., Ghezzo H., Stevens D., Becklake M.R. Respiratory pressures and function in young adults. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1983; 128: 17-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leech J.A., Ghezzo H., Stevens D., Becklake M.R. Respiratory pressures and function in young adults. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1983; 128: 17-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson S.H., Cooke N.T., Edwards R.H.T., Spiro S.G. Predicted normal values for maximal respiratory pressures in Caucasian adults and children. Thorax 1984; 39: 535-538.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson S.H., Cooke N.T., Edwards R.H.T., Spiro S.G. Predicted normal values for maximal respiratory pressures in Caucasian adults and children. Thorax 1984; 39: 535-538.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vincken W., Ghezzo H., C o s ío M.G. Maximal static respiratory pressure in adults: normal values and their relationship to determinants of respiratory function. Bull Eur. Physiopathol Respir. 1987; 23: 435-439.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vincken W., Ghezzo H., C o s ío M.G. Maximal static respiratory pressure in adults: normal values and their relationship to determinants of respiratory function. Bull Eur. Physiopathol Respir. 1987; 23: 435-439.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M cElvaney G., Blackie S., Morrison N.J. et al. Maximal static respiratory pressures in the normal elderly. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 139: 2772-2781.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M cElvaney G., Blackie S., Morrison N.J. et al. Maximal static respiratory pressures in the normal elderly. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 139: 2772-2781.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enright P.L., Kronmal R.A., Monolio T.A. et al. Respiratory muscle strength in the elderly. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 1994; 149: 430-438.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enright P.L., Kronmal R.A., Monolio T.A. et al. Respiratory muscle strength in the elderly. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 1994; 149: 430-438.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamnegard C.H., Wragg S., Kyroussis D. et al. Portable measurement of maximum mouth pressures. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 398-401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamnegard C.H., Wragg S., Kyroussis D. et al. Portable measurement of maximum mouth pressures. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 398-401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sahn S.A., Lakshm inarayan S. Bedside criteria for discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 1973; 63: 1002-1005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sahn S.A., Lakshm inarayan S. Bedside criteria for discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Chest 1973; 63: 1002-1005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang K.L., Tobin M.J. A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991; 324: 1445-1450.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang K.L., Tobin M.J. A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation. N. Engl. J. Med. 1991; 324: 1445-1450.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marini J.J., Smith T.C., Lamb V. Estimation of inspiratory muscle strengthin mechanically ventilated patients: the measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure. J. Crit. Care 1986; 1: 32-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marini J.J., Smith T.C., Lamb V. Estimation of inspiratory muscle strengthin mechanically ventilated patients: the measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure. J. Crit. Care 1986; 1: 32-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laporta D., Grassino A. Assessm ent of transdiaphragmatic pressure in hum ans. J. Appl. Physiol. 1985; 58: 1469-1476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laporta D., Grassino A. Assessm ent of transdiaphragmatic pressure in hum ans. J. Appl. Physiol. 1985; 58: 1469-1476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller J.M., Moxham J., Green M. The maximal sniff in the assessmen t of diaphragm function in man. Clin. Sci. 1985; 69: 91-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller J.M., Moxham J., Green M. The maximal sniff in the assessmen t of diaphragm function in man. Clin. Sci. 1985; 69: 91-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vérin E., Delafosse C., Straus C. et al. Effects of muscle groups recruitment on sniff transdiaphragmatic pressure and its components. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2001; 85: 593-598.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vérin E., Delafosse C., Straus C. et al. Effects of muscle groups recruitment on sniff transdiaphragmatic pressure and its components. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2001; 85: 593-598.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitting J.W., Héritier F., Uldry C. Evaluation de la force musculaire inspiratoire par la pression nasale lors du sniff. Rev. Mal. Respir. 1996; 13: 4 7 9 -4 8 4 .</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitting J.W., Héritier F., Uldry C. Evaluation de la force musculaire inspiratoire par la pression nasale lors du sniff. Rev. Mal. Respir. 1996; 13: 4 7 9 -4 8 4 .</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Normand H., Straus C., Morelot-Panzini C. et al. Variante pratique de la mesure de là pression nasale lors du "sniff-test". Rev. Mal. Respir.; 2001, 18: 450-452.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Normand H., Straus C., Morelot-Panzini C. et al. Variante pratique de la mesure de là pression nasale lors du "sniff-test". Rev. Mal. Respir.; 2001, 18: 450-452.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laroche C.M., Mier A.K., Moxham J., Green M. The value of sniff esophageal pressures in the assessment of global inspiratory muscle strength. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 138: 598-603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laroche C.M., Mier A.K., Moxham J., Green M. The value of sniff esophageal pressures in the assessment of global inspiratory muscle strength. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1988; 138: 598-603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hitzenberger K. Das Zwerchfell in gedunden und beranben Zustand. Vienna Springer; 1927.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hitzenberger K. Das Zwerchfell in gedunden und beranben Zustand. Vienna Springer; 1927.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nava S.N., Ambrosino P., Crotti P. et al. Recruitment of some respiratory muscles during three maximal inspiratory manoeuvers. Thorax 1993; 48: 702-707.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nava S.N., Ambrosino P., Crotti P. et al. Recruitment of some respiratory muscles during three maximal inspiratory manoeuvers. Thorax 1993; 48: 702-707.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koulouris N., Vianna L.G., Mulvey D.A. et al. Maximal relaxation rates of esophageal, nose, and mouth pressures during a sniff reflect inspiratory muscle fatigue. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 139: 1213-1217.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koulouris N., Vianna L.G., Mulvey D.A. et al. Maximal relaxation rates of esophageal, nose, and mouth pressures during a sniff reflect inspiratory muscle fatigue. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 139: 1213-1217.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Héritier F., Rahm F., Pasche P., Fitting J.W. Sniff nasal pressure: a non-invasive assessment of inspiratory muscle strength. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 150: 1678-1683.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Héritier F., Rahm F., Pasche P., Fitting J.W. Sniff nasal pressure: a non-invasive assessment of inspiratory muscle strength. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994; 150: 1678-1683.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chaudri M.B ., Liu C., Watson L. et al. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure as a marker of respiratory function in motor neuron disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 15: 539-542.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaudri M.B ., Liu C., Watson L. et al. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure as a marker of respiratory function in motor neuron disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 15: 539-542.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uldry C., Fitting J.-W. Maximal values of sniff nasal inspiratory pressure in healthy subjects. Thorax 1995; 50: 371-375.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uldry C., Fitting J.-W. Maximal values of sniff nasal inspiratory pressure in healthy subjects. Thorax 1995; 50: 371-375.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uldry C., Janssens J.P., de Meralt B., Fitting J.W. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulm onary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 1292-1296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uldry C., Janssens J.P., de Meralt B., Fitting J.W. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure in patients with chronic obstructive pulm onary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 1292-1296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart N., Polkey M.Í., Sharshar T. et al. Limitations of sniff nasal pressure in patients with severe neurom uscular weakness. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1685-1687.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart N., Polkey M.Í., Sharshar T. et al. Limitations of sniff nasal pressure in patients with severe neurom uscular weakness. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2003; 74: 1685-1687.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iandelli I., Gorini M., Misuri G. et al. Assessing inspiratory muscle strength in patients with neurologic and neurom uscular diseases (comparative evaluation of two non invasive techniques). Chest 2001; 119: 1108-1113.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iandelli I., Gorini M., Misuri G. et al. Assessing inspiratory muscle strength in patients with neurologic and neurom uscular diseases (comparative evaluation of two non invasive techniques). Chest 2001; 119: 1108-1113.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitting J.W., Paillex R., Hirt L. et al. Sniff nasal pressure: a sensitive respiratory test to assess progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 1999; 46: 887-893.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitting J.W., Paillex R., Hirt L. et al. Sniff nasal pressure: a sensitive respiratory test to assess progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 1999; 46: 887-893.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stefanutti D., Benoist M.-R., Scheinmann P. et al. Usefulness of sniff nasal pressure in patients with neuromuscular or skeletal disorders. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 162: 1507-1511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stefanutti D., Benoist M.-R., Scheinmann P. et al. Usefulness of sniff nasal pressure in patients with neuromuscular or skeletal disorders. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 162: 1507-1511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stell I.M., Polkéy M.J., Rees P.J. et al. Inspiratory muscle strenth in acute asthma. Chest 2001; 120: 757-764.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stell I.M., Polkéy M.J., Rees P.J. et al. Inspiratory muscle strenth in acute asthma. Chest 2001; 120: 757-764.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stefanutti D., Fitting J.W. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure. References values in Caucasian children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: 107-111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stefanutti D., Fitting J.W. Sniff nasal inspiratory pressure. References values in Caucasian children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: 107-111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mills G.H., Kyroussis D., Hamnegard C.H. et al. Unilateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Thorax 1995; 50: 1162-1172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mills G.H., Kyroussis D., Hamnegard C.H. et al. Unilateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Thorax 1995; 50: 1162-1172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Markand O.N., Kincaid J.C., Pourmand R.A. et al. Electrophysiologic evaluation of diaphragm by transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation. Neurology 1984; 34: 604-614.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markand O.N., Kincaid J.C., Pourmand R.A. et al. Electrophysiologic evaluation of diaphragm by transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation. Neurology 1984; 34: 604-614.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarnoff S.J., Hardenberg E., Whittenberger J.L. Electrophrenic respiration. Science 1948; 108: 482.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarnoff S.J., Hardenberg E., Whittenberger J.L. Electrophrenic respiration. Science 1948; 108: 482.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Similowski T., Derenne J.P. Stimulation phrenique. Rev. Mai. Respir. 1995; 12: 503-504.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Similowski T., Derenne J.P. Stimulation phrenique. Rev. Mai. Respir. 1995; 12: 503-504.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Similowski T., Fleury B., Launois S. et al. Stimulation magnétique cervicale (SMC). Une nouvelle méthode de stimulation phrenique bilatérale utilisable en clinique. Rev. Mal. Respir. 1988; 5: 609-614.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Similowski T., Fleury B., Launois S. et al. Stimulation magnétique cervicale (SMC). Une nouvelle méthode de stimulation phrenique bilatérale utilisable en clinique. Rev. Mal. Respir. 1988; 5: 609-614.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Similowski T., Fleury B., Launois S. et al. Cervical magnetic stimulation: a new painless method for bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation in conscious humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 1989; 67:1311-1318.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Similowski T., Fleury B., Launois S. et al. Cervical magnetic stimulation: a new painless method for bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation in conscious humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 1989; 67:1311-1318.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">VFragg S., Aquilina R., Moran J. et at. Comparison of cervical magnetic stimulation and bilateral percutaneous electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerves in normal subjects. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 1788-1792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">VFragg S., Aquilina R., Moran J. et at. Comparison of cervical magnetic stimulation and bilateral percutaneous electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerves in normal subjects. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 1788-1792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mills G., Kyroussis D., Hamnegard C. et al. Bilateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves from an anterolateral approach. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154: 1099-1105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mills G., Kyroussis D., Hamnegard C. et al. Bilateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves from an anterolateral approach. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996; 154: 1099-1105.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">P olkey M .I., Duguet A., Luo Y. et al. Anterior magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation: laboratory and clihical evaluation. Intensive Care Med. 2000; 26: 1065-1075.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">P olkey M .I., Duguet A., Luo Y. et al. Anterior magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation: laboratory and clihical evaluation. Intensive Care Med. 2000; 26: 1065-1075.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mills G.H., Ponte J., Hamnegard C.H. et al. Tracheal tube pressure change during magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves as an indicator of diaphragm strength on the intensive care unit. Br. J. Anesth. 2001; 87: 876-880.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mills G.H., Ponte J., Hamnegard C.H. et al. Tracheal tube pressure change during magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves as an indicator of diaphragm strength on the intensive care unit. Br. J. Anesth. 2001; 87: 876-880.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamnegard C.H., Wragg S., Kyroussis D. et al. Mouth pressure in response to magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. Thorax 1995; 50: 620-624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamnegard C.H., Wragg S., Kyroussis D. et al. Mouth pressure in response to magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. Thorax 1995; 50: 620-624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hughes P.O., Polkey M.I., Kyroussis D. et al. Measurement of sniff nasal and diaphragm twitch mouth pressure in patients. Thorax 1998; 53: 96-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hughes P.O., Polkey M.I., Kyroussis D. et al. Measurement of sniff nasal and diaphragm twitch mouth pressure in patients. Thorax 1998; 53: 96-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
