pulmoПульмонологияPULMONOLOGIYA0869-01892541-9617Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC10.18093/0869-0189-2012-0-1-103-111pulmo-25Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWМесто внутривенной формы азитромицина в лечении внебольничной пневмонииA role of intravenous formulation of azythromycin in treatment of community-acquired pneumoniaСтецюкО. У.StetsyukO. U.

к. м. н., доцент, старший научный сотрудик 

214019, Смоленск, ул. Кирова, 46а. Тел.: (4812) 61-13-01.

olga.stetsiouk@antibiotic.ruАндрееваИ. В.AndreevaI. V.

к. м. н., доцент, старший научный сотрудик 

214019, Смоленск, ул. Кирова, 46а. Тел.: (4812) 61-13-01.

andreeva@antibiotic.ruКозловР. С.KozlovR. S.

д. м. н., проф., директор

214019, Смоленск, ул. Кирова, 46а. Тел.: (4812) 45-06-02.

roman@antibiotic.ruНИИ антимикробной химиотерапии ГБОУ ВПО "Смоленская государственная медицинская академия" Минздравсоцразвития РоссииRussian FederationНИИ антимикробной химиотерапии ГБОУ ВПО "Смоленская государственная медицинская академия" Минздравсоцразвития России; Научно-методический центр по мониторингу антибиотикорезистентности Федерального агентства по здравоохранению и социальному развитиюRussian Federation20122802201201103111Copyright © Стецюк О.У., Андреева И.В., Козлов Р.С., 20122012Стецюк О.У., Андреева И.В., Козлов Р.С.Stetsyuk O.U., Andreeva I.V., Kozlov R.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/25

Место внутривенной формы азитромицина в лечении внебольничной пневмонии.

A role of intravenous formulation of azythromycin in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.

азитромицинвнутривенная формавнебольничная пневмонияazythromycinintravenous formulationcommunity-acquired pneumoniaReferencesЧучалин А.Г., Синопальников А.А., Козлов Р.С. и др. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых: Практ. Рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике: Пособие для врачей. Смоленск: МАКМАХ; 2010.Чучалин А.Г., Синопальников А.А., Козлов Р.С. и др. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых: Практ. Рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике: Пособие для врачей. Смоленск: МАКМАХ; 2010.Woodhead M., Blasi F., Ewig S. et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections – full version. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2011; 17 (Suppl. 6): E1– E59.Woodhead M., Blasi F., Ewig S. et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections – full version. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2011; 17 (Suppl. 6): E1– E59.Mandell L.A., Wunderink R.G., Anzueto A. et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America / American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–S72.Mandell L.A., Wunderink R.G., Anzueto A. et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America / American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007; 44 (Suppl. 2): S27–S72.Lim W.S., Baudouin S.V., George R.C. et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009; 64 (Suppl. 3): iii1–iii55.Lim W.S., Baudouin S.V., George R.C. et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009; 64 (Suppl. 3): iii1–iii55.Höffken G., Lorenz J., Kern W. et al. Guidelines of the Paul-Ehrlich-Society of Chemotherapy, the German Respiratory Diseases Society, the German Infectious Diseases Society and of the Competence Network CAPNETZ for the management of lower respiratory tract infections and community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumologie 2010; 64 (3): 149–154.Höffken G., Lorenz J., Kern W. et al. Guidelines of the Paul-Ehrlich-Society of Chemotherapy, the German Respiratory Diseases Society, the German Infectious Diseases Society and of the Competence Network CAPNETZ for the management of lower respiratory tract infections and community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumologie 2010; 64 (3): 149–154.Menéndez R., Torres A., Aspa J. et al. Community acquired pneumonia. New guidelines of the Spanish Society of Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR). Arch. Bronconeumol. 2010; 46 (10): 543–558.Menéndez R., Torres A., Aspa J. et al. Community acquired pneumonia. New guidelines of the Spanish Society of Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR). Arch. Bronconeumol. 2010; 46 (10): 543–558.Corrêa R.A., Lundgren F.L., Pereira-Silva J.L. et al. Brazilian guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults – 2009. J. Bras. Pneumol. 2009; 35 (6): 574–601.Corrêa R.A., Lundgren F.L., Pereira-Silva J.L. et al. Brazilian guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults – 2009. J. Bras. Pneumol. 2009; 35 (6): 574–601.Ferrer M., Menendez R., Amaro R., Torres A. The impact of guidelines on the outcomes of community-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin. Chest Med. 2011; 32 (3): 491–505.Ferrer M., Menendez R., Amaro R., Torres A. The impact of guidelines on the outcomes of community-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin. Chest Med. 2011; 32 (3): 491–505.Torres A., Ferrer M., Badia J.R. Treatment guidelines and outcomes of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010; 51 (Suppl. 1): S48–S53.Torres A., Ferrer M., Badia J.R. Treatment guidelines and outcomes of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010; 51 (Suppl. 1): S48–S53.Sharpe B.A. Guideline-recommended antibiotics in communi ty-acquired pneumonia: not perfect, but good. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009; 169 (16): 1462–1464.Sharpe B.A. Guideline-recommended antibiotics in communi ty-acquired pneumonia: not perfect, but good. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009; 169 (16): 1462–1464.Maxwell D.J., McIntosh K.A., Pulver L.K. et al. Empiric management of community-acquired pneumonia in Australian emergency departments. Med. J. Aust. 2005; 183 (10): 520–524.Maxwell D.J., McIntosh K.A., Pulver L.K. et al. Empiric management of community-acquired pneumonia in Australian emergency departments. Med. J. Aust. 2005; 183 (10): 520–524.Рачина С.А., Козлов Р.С., Шаль Е.П. и др. Анализ антибактериальной терапии госпитализированных пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией в различных регионах РФ: уроки многоцентрового фармакоэпидемиологического исследования. Клин. микробиол. и антимикроб. химиотер. 2009; 11 (1): 66–78.Рачина С.А., Козлов Р.С., Шаль Е.П. и др. Анализ антибактериальной терапии госпитализированных пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией в различных регионах РФ: уроки многоцентрового фармакоэпидемиологического исследования. Клин. микробиол. и антимикроб. химиотер. 2009; 11 (1): 66–78.Paul M., Nielsen A.D., Gafter-Gvili A. et al. The need formacrolides in hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia: propensity analysis. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 30 (3): 525–531.Paul M., Nielsen A.D., Gafter-Gvili A. et al. The need formacrolides in hospitalised community-acquired pneumonia: propensity analysis. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 30 (3): 525–531.Lodise T.P., Kwa A., Cosler L. et al. Comparison of beta-lactam and macrolide combination therapy versus fluoroquinolone monotherapy in hospitalized Veterans Affairs patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007; 51: 3977–3982.Lodise T.P., Kwa A., Cosler L. et al. Comparison of beta-lactam and macrolide combination therapy versus fluoroquinolone monotherapy in hospitalized Veterans Affairs patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2007; 51: 3977–3982.Rodriguez A., Mendia A., Sirvent J.M. et al. Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with communityacquired pneumonia and shock. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 35 (6): 1493–1498.Rodriguez A., Mendia A., Sirvent J.M. et al. Combination antibiotic therapy improves survival in patients with communityacquired pneumonia and shock. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 35 (6): 1493–1498.Baddour L.M., Yu V.L., Klugman K.P. et al. Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 170 (4): 440–444.Baddour L.M., Yu V.L., Klugman K.P. et al. Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 170 (4): 440–444.Amsden G.W. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides – an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of communityacquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005; 55 (1): 10–21.Amsden G.W. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides – an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of communityacquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2005; 55 (1): 10–21.Omura S., ed. Macrolide antibiotics chemistry, biology, and practice. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press; 2002.Omura S., ed. Macrolide antibiotics chemistry, biology, and practice. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press; 2002.Bryskier A., Bergogne-Berezin E. Macrolides. In: Bryskier A., ed. Antibacterial and antifungal agents. Washington DC: ASM-Press; 2005.Bryskier A., Bergogne-Berezin E. Macrolides. In: Bryskier A., ed. Antibacterial and antifungal agents. Washington DC: ASM-Press; 2005.Веселов А.В., Козлов Р.С. Азитромицин: современные аспекты клинического применения. Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. и химиотер. 2006; 8: 71–85.Веселов А.В., Козлов Р.С. Азитромицин: современные аспекты клинического применения. Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. и химиотер. 2006; 8: 71–85.Козлов Р.С., Сивая О.В., Кречикова О.И. и др. Динамика резистентности Streptococcus pneumoniae к антибиотикам в России за период 1999–2009 гг. Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. химиотер. 2010; 12 (4): 329–341.Козлов Р.С., Сивая О.В., Кречикова О.И. и др. Динамика резистентности Streptococcus pneumoniae к антибиотикам в России за период 1999–2009 гг. Клин. микробиол. антимикроб. химиотер. 2010; 12 (4): 329–341.Reinert R.R., Filimonova O.Y., Al-Lahham A. et al. Mechanisms of macrolide resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Russia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008; 52 (6): 2260–2262.Reinert R.R., Filimonova O.Y., Al-Lahham A. et al. Mechanisms of macrolide resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Russia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2008; 52 (6): 2260–2262.Козлов Р.С. Пневмококки: уроки прошлого – взгляд в будущее. Смоленск: МАКМАХ; 2010.Козлов Р.С. Пневмококки: уроки прошлого – взгляд в будущее. Смоленск: МАКМАХ; 2010.EARSS Annual Report 2008. On-going surveillance of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecium, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/EARS-Net/Documents/2008-EARSS-Annual-Report. pdfEARSS Annual Report 2008. On-going surveillance of S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E. coli, E. faecium, E. faecalis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa. http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/EARS-Net/Documents/2008-EARSS-Annual-Report. pdfZithromax® (azithromycin tablets). Physician Prescribing Information. Available from: http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling. aspx?id=511Zithromax® (azithromycin tablets). Physician Prescribing Information. Available from: http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling. aspx?id=511Zithromax® (azithromycin for injection). Physician Prescribing Information. Available from: http://labeling.pfizer. com/Show Labeling.aspx?id=513Zithromax® (azithromycin for injection). Physician Prescribing Information. Available from: http://labeling.pfizer. com/Show Labeling.aspx?id=513Luke D.R., Foulds G., Cohen S.F., Levy B. Safety, toleration, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous azithromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1996; 40 (11): 2577–2581.Luke D.R., Foulds G., Cohen S.F., Levy B. Safety, toleration, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous azithromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1996; 40 (11): 2577–2581.Rodvold K.A., Danziger L.H., Gotfried M.H. Steady-state plasma and bronchopulmonary concentrations of intravenous levofloxacin and azithromycin in healthy adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003; 47 (8): 2450–2457.Rodvold K.A., Danziger L.H., Gotfried M.H. Steady-state plasma and bronchopulmonary concentrations of intravenous levofloxacin and azithromycin in healthy adults. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003; 47 (8): 2450–2457.Chiu L.M., Menhinick A.M., Johnson P.W., Amsden G.W. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous azithromycin and ceftriaxone when administered alone and concurrently to healthy volunteers. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002; 50 (6): 1075–1079.Chiu L.M., Menhinick A.M., Johnson P.W., Amsden G.W. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous azithromycin and ceftriaxone when administered alone and concurrently to healthy volunteers. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002; 50 (6): 1075–1079.Carlier M.B., Scorneaux B., Tulkens P.M. Accumulation, subcellular distribution and activity of azithromycin (Az) compared to roxithromycin (Rx) and ciprofloxacin (Cp) in J774 macrophages (Mo) (abstract). In: 31st interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1991.Carlier M.B., Scorneaux B., Tulkens P.M. Accumulation, subcellular distribution and activity of azithromycin (Az) compared to roxithromycin (Rx) and ciprofloxacin (Cp) in J774 macrophages (Mo) (abstract). In: 31st interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1991.Girard A.E., Cimochowski C.R., Faiella J.A. Correlation of increased azithromycin concentrations with phagocyte infiltration into sites of localized infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1996; 37 (Suppl. С): 9–19.Girard A.E., Cimochowski C.R., Faiella J.A. Correlation of increased azithromycin concentrations with phagocyte infiltration into sites of localized infection. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1996; 37 (Suppl. С): 9–19.Rapp R.P. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral azithromycin: enhanced tissue activity and minimal drug interactions. Ann. Pharmacother. 1998; 32 (7–8): 785–793.Rapp R.P. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral azithromycin: enhanced tissue activity and minimal drug interactions. Ann. Pharmacother. 1998; 32 (7–8): 785–793.Rodvold K.A. Pharmacodynamics of antiinfective therapy: taking what we know to the patient's bedside. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21 (Suppl. 2): 319S–330S.Rodvold K.A. Pharmacodynamics of antiinfective therapy: taking what we know to the patient's bedside. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21 (Suppl. 2): 319S–330S.Sevillano D., Alou L., Aguilar L. et al. Azithromycin iv pharmacodynamic parameters predicting Streptococcus pneumonia killing in epithelial lining fluid versus serum: an in vitro pharmacodynamic simulation. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2006; 57 (6): 1128–1133.Sevillano D., Alou L., Aguilar L. et al. Azithromycin iv pharmacodynamic parameters predicting Streptococcus pneumonia killing in epithelial lining fluid versus serum: an in vitro pharmacodynamic simulation. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2006; 57 (6): 1128–1133.Fogarty C., Goldschmidt R., Bush K. Bacteremic pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant pneumococci in 3 patients treated unsuccessfully with azithromycin and successfully with levofloxacin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 31: 613–615.Fogarty C., Goldschmidt R., Bush K. Bacteremic pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant pneumococci in 3 patients treated unsuccessfully with azithromycin and successfully with levofloxacin. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000; 31: 613–615.Foulds G., Shepard R.M., Johnson R.B. The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in human serum and tissues. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1990; 25 (Suppl. A): 73–82.Foulds G., Shepard R.M., Johnson R.B. The pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in human serum and tissues. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1990; 25 (Suppl. A): 73–82.Periti P., Mazzei T., Mini E., Novelli A. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of macrolides. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1992; 23: 106–131.Periti P., Mazzei T., Mini E., Novelli A. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of macrolides. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1992; 23: 106–131.Стецюк О.У., Андреева И.В., Колосов А.В., Козлов Р.С. Безопасность и переносимость антибиотиков в амбулаторной практике. Клин. микробиол. и антимикроб. химиотер. 2011; 13 (1): 67–84.Стецюк О.У., Андреева И.В., Колосов А.В., Козлов Р.С. Безопасность и переносимость антибиотиков в амбулаторной практике. Клин. микробиол. и антимикроб. химиотер. 2011; 13 (1): 67–84.Garey K.W., Amsden G.W. Intravenous azithromycin. Ann. Pharmacother. 1999; 33 (2): 218–228.Garey K.W., Amsden G.W. Intravenous azithromycin. Ann. Pharmacother. 1999; 33 (2): 218–228.Zimmerman T., Laufen H., Riedel K.D. et al. Comparative tolerability of intravenous azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin in healthy volunteers: results of a double-blind, doubledummy, four-way crossover study. Clin. Drug Invest. 2001; 21 (8).Zimmerman T., Laufen H., Riedel K.D. et al. Comparative tolerability of intravenous azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin in healthy volunteers: results of a double-blind, doubledummy, four-way crossover study. Clin. Drug Invest. 2001; 21 (8).Luke D.R., Foulds G. Toleration of intravenous azithromycin. Ann. Pharmacother. 1997; 31: 965–969.Luke D.R., Foulds G. Toleration of intravenous azithromycin. Ann. Pharmacother. 1997; 31: 965–969.Vergis E.N., Indorf A., File T.M. Jr. et al. Azithromycin vs cefuroxime plus erythromycin for empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000; 160 (9): 1294–1300.Vergis E.N., Indorf A., File T.M. Jr. et al. Azithromycin vs cefuroxime plus erythromycin for empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 2000; 160 (9): 1294–1300.Plouffe J., Schwartz D.B., Kolokathis A. et al. Clinical efficacy of intravenous followed by oral azithromycin monotherapy in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000; 44 (7): 1796–1802.Plouffe J., Schwartz D.B., Kolokathis A. et al. Clinical efficacy of intravenous followed by oral azithromycin monotherapy in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2000; 44 (7): 1796–1802.Kuzman I., Dakovic-Rode O., Oremus M., Banaszak A.M. Clinical efficacy and safety of a short regimen of azithromycin sequential therapy vs standard cefuroxime sequential therapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: an international, randomized, open-label study. J. Chemother. 2005; 17 (6): 636–642.Kuzman I., Dakovic-Rode O., Oremus M., Banaszak A.M. Clinical efficacy and safety of a short regimen of azithromycin sequential therapy vs standard cefuroxime sequential therapy in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: an international, randomized, open-label study. J. Chemother. 2005; 17 (6): 636–642.Paladino J.A., Gudgel L.D., Forrest A., Niederman M.S. Costeffectiveness of IV-to-oral switch therapy: azithromycin vs cefuroxime with or without erythromycin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2002; 122 (4): 1271–1279.Paladino J.A., Gudgel L.D., Forrest A., Niederman M.S. Costeffectiveness of IV-to-oral switch therapy: azithromycin vs cefuroxime with or without erythromycin for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2002; 122 (4): 1271–1279.Синопальников А.И., Зайцев А.А. Клиническая эффективность и безопасность ступенчатой монотерапии азитромицином у пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией в условиях стационара. Фарматека 2006; 16 (131): 66–72.Синопальников А.И., Зайцев А.А. Клиническая эффективность и безопасность ступенчатой монотерапии азитромицином у пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией в условиях стационара. Фарматека 2006; 16 (131): 66–72.Plouffe J.F., Breiman R.F., Fields B.S. et al. Azithromycin in the treatment of Legionella pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 37 (11): 1475–1480.Plouffe J.F., Breiman R.F., Fields B.S. et al. Azithromycin in the treatment of Legionella pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 37 (11): 1475–1480.Rubio F.G., Cunha C.A., Lundgren F.L. et al. Intravenous azithromycin plus ceftriaxone followed by oral azithromycin for the treatment of inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia: an open-label, non-comparativemulticenter trial. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2008; 12 (3): 202–209.Rubio F.G., Cunha C.A., Lundgren F.L. et al. Intravenous azithromycin plus ceftriaxone followed by oral azithromycin for the treatment of inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia: an open-label, non-comparativemulticenter trial. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2008; 12 (3): 202–209.Todisco T., Dal Farra F., Ciliberti G. et al. An Italian experience of sequential intravenous and oral azithromycin plus intravenous ampicillin / sulbactam in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J. Chemother. 2008; 20 (2): 225–232.Todisco T., Dal Farra F., Ciliberti G. et al. An Italian experience of sequential intravenous and oral azithromycin plus intravenous ampicillin / sulbactam in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. J. Chemother. 2008; 20 (2): 225–232.Frank E., Liu J., Kinasewitz G. et al. A multicenter, open-label, randomized comparison of levofloxacin and azithromycin plus ceftriaxone in hospitalized adults with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Ther. 2002; 24 (8): 1292–1308.Frank E., Liu J., Kinasewitz G. et al. A multicenter, open-label, randomized comparison of levofloxacin and azithromycin plus ceftriaxone in hospitalized adults with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Ther. 2002; 24 (8): 1292–1308.Zervos M., Mandell L.A., Vrooman P.S. et al. Comparative efficacies and tolerabilities of intravenous azithromycin plus ceftriaxone and intravenous levofloxacin with step-down oral therapy for hospitalized patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia. Treat. Respir. Med. 2004; 3 (5): 329–336.Zervos M., Mandell L.A., Vrooman P.S. et al. Comparative efficacies and tolerabilities of intravenous azithromycin plus ceftriaxone and intravenous levofloxacin with step-down oral therapy for hospitalized patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia. Treat. Respir. Med. 2004; 3 (5): 329–336.Tamm M., Todisco T., Feldman C. et al. Clinical and bacteriological outcomes in hospitalised patients with communityacquired pneumonia treated with azithromycin plus ceftriaxone, or ceftriaxone plus clarithromycin or erythromycin: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2007; 13 (2): 162–171.Tamm M., Todisco T., Feldman C. et al. Clinical and bacteriological outcomes in hospitalised patients with communityacquired pneumonia treated with azithromycin plus ceftriaxone, or ceftriaxone plus clarithromycin or erythromycin: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2007; 13 (2): 162–171.Молчанова О.В., Сулейманов С.Ш., Островский А.Б. Антибиотикотерапия тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии. Антибиотики и химиотер. 2009; 54 (3–4): 29–31.Молчанова О.В., Сулейманов С.Ш., Островский А.Б. Антибиотикотерапия тяжелой внебольничной пневмонии. Антибиотики и химиотер. 2009; 54 (3–4): 29–31.Brito V., Niederman M.S. Pneumonia complicating pregnancy. Clin. Chest Med. 2011; 32 (1): 121–132.Brito V., Niederman M.S. Pneumonia complicating pregnancy. Clin. Chest Med. 2011; 32 (1): 121–132.Bosker G., Amin A., Emerman C.L. et al. Optimizing antibiotic selection for CAP and CUTI in the emergency department and hospital setting: a systematic review and evidence-based treatment recommendations – year 2005 update. In: Hospital medicine consensus reports. January 1, 2005.Bosker G., Amin A., Emerman C.L. et al. Optimizing antibiotic selection for CAP and CUTI in the emergency department and hospital setting: a systematic review and evidence-based treatment recommendations – year 2005 update. In: Hospital medicine consensus reports. January 1, 2005.Niederman M., Mandell L., Anzueto A. et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 163: 1730–1754.Niederman M., Mandell L., Anzueto A. et al. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 163: 1730–1754.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.