pulmoПульмонологияPULMONOLOGIYA0869-01892541-9617Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC10.18093/0869-0189-2006-2-13-26pulmo-1432Research ArticleСтатьиРекомендации Британского торакального общества (BTS)
по обследованию взрослых больных с односторонним
плевральным выпотомМаскеллН.А.noemail@neicon.ruБутландР.Дж.А.noemail@neicon.ru200628042006021326Copyright © Маскелл
Н., Бутланд
Р., 20062006Маскелл
Н., Бутланд
Р.Маскелл
Н., Бутланд
Р.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/1432ReferencesBoutin C., Rey F., Viallat J.R. Prevention of malignant seeding after invasive diagnostic procedures in patients with pleural mesothelioma. A randomized trial of local radiotherapy. Chest 1995; 108: 754-8. [Ib].Boutin C., Rey F., Viallat J.R. Prevention of malignant seeding after invasive diagnostic procedures in patients with pleural mesothelioma. A randomized trial of local radiotherapy. Chest 1995; 108: 754-8. [Ib].Scheurich J.W., Keuer S.P., Graham D.Y. Pleural effusion: comparison of clinical judgment and Light's criteria in determining the cause. South Med. J. 1989; 82: 1487-91. [IIb].Scheurich J.W., Keuer S.P., Graham D.Y. Pleural effusion: comparison of clinical judgment and Light's criteria in determining the cause. South Med. J. 1989; 82: 1487-91. [IIb].Chetty K.G. Transudative pleural effusions. Clin. Chest Med. 1985; 6: 49-54. [IV].Chetty K.G. Transudative pleural effusions. Clin. Chest Med. 1985; 6: 49-54. [IV].Light R.W. Diagnostic principles in pleural disease. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 476-81. [IV].Light R.W. Diagnostic principles in pleural disease. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 476-81. [IV].Ferrer A., Osset J., Alegre J. et al. Prospective clinical and microbiological study of pleural effusions. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1999; 18: 237-41. [IIb].Ferrer A., Osset J., Alegre J. et al. Prospective clinical and microbiological study of pleural effusions. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1999; 18: 237-41. [IIb].Boddington M. Serous effusions. In: Coleman D.V. ed. Clinical cytotechnology. London: Butterworths, 1989: 271-5. [IV].Boddington M. Serous effusions. In: Coleman D.V. ed. Clinical cytotechnology. London: Butterworths, 1989: 271-5. [IV].Sahn S. Pleural fluid analysis: narrowing the differential diagnosis. Semin Respir Med. 1987; 9: 22-9. [IV].Sahn S. Pleural fluid analysis: narrowing the differential diagnosis. Semin Respir Med. 1987; 9: 22-9. [IV].Light R.W., Erozan Y.S., Ball W.C.J. Cells in pleural fluid. Their value in differential diagnosis. Arch Intern Med. 1973; 132: 854-60. [III].Light R.W., Erozan Y.S., Ball W.C.J. Cells in pleural fluid. Their value in differential diagnosis. Arch Intern Med. 1973; 132: 854-60. [III].Light R.W., MacGregor M.I., Luchsinger P.C. et al. Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates. Ann Intern Med. 1972; 77: 507-13. [III].Light R.W., MacGregor M.I., Luchsinger P.C. et al. Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates. Ann Intern Med. 1972; 77: 507-13. [III].Gil S., Martinez M., Cases V. et al. Pleural cholesterol in differentiating transudates and exudates. A prospective study of 232 cases. Respiration 1995; 62:57-63. [III].Gil S., Martinez M., Cases V. et al. Pleural cholesterol in differentiating transudates and exudates. A prospective study of 232 cases. Respiration 1995; 62:57-63. [III].Hamm H., Brohan U., Bohmer R. et al. Cholesterol in pleural effusions. A diagnostic aid. Chest 1987; 92: 296-302. [IV].Hamm H., Brohan U., Bohmer R. et al. Cholesterol in pleural effusions. A diagnostic aid. Chest 1987; 92: 296-302. [IV].Ortega L., Heredia J.L., Armengol R. et al. The differential diagnosis between pleural exudates and transudates: the value of cholesterol. Med. Clin. (Barc) 1991; 96: 367-70. [III].Ortega L., Heredia J.L., Armengol R. et al. The differential diagnosis between pleural exudates and transudates: the value of cholesterol. Med. Clin. (Barc) 1991; 96: 367-70. [III].Roth B. The serumeffusion albumin gradient. Chest 1990; 98: 546-9. [IV].Roth B. The serumeffusion albumin gradient. Chest 1990; 98: 546-9. [IV].Heffner J.E., Brown L.K., Barbieri C.A. Diagnostic value of tests that discriminate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions. Primary Study Investigators. Chest 1997; 111: 970-80. [IIa].Heffner J.E., Brown L.K., Barbieri C.A. Diagnostic value of tests that discriminate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions. Primary Study Investigators. Chest 1997; 111: 970-80. [IIa].Light R.W. Pleural diseases. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995. [III].Light R.W. Pleural diseases. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1995. [III].Wysenbeek A.J., Lahav M., Aelion J.A. et al. Eosinophilic pleural effusion: a review of 36 cases. Respiration 1985; 48: 73-6. [III].Wysenbeek A.J., Lahav M., Aelion J.A. et al. Eosinophilic pleural effusion: a review of 36 cases. Respiration 1985; 48: 73-6. [III].Adelman M., Albelda S.M., Gottlieb J. et al. Diagnostic utility of pleural fluid eosinophilia. Am. J. Med. 1984; 77: 915-20. [III].Adelman M., Albelda S.M., Gottlieb J. et al. Diagnostic utility of pleural fluid eosinophilia. Am. J. Med. 1984; 77: 915-20. [III].Martinez-Garcia M.A., Cases-Viedma E., Cordero-Rodriguez P.J. et al. Diagnostic utility of eosinophils in the pleural fluid. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 15: 166-9. [III].Martinez-Garcia M.A., Cases-Viedma E., Cordero-Rodriguez P.J. et al. Diagnostic utility of eosinophils in the pleural fluid. Eur. Respir. J. 2000; 15: 166-9. [III].Levine H., Metzger W., Lacera D. et al. Diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy by culture of pleural biopsy specimen. Arch. Intern. Med. 1970; 126: 269-71. [III].Levine H., Metzger W., Lacera D. et al. Diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy by culture of pleural biopsy specimen. Arch. Intern. Med. 1970; 126: 269-71. [III].Ansari T., Idell S. Management of undiagnosed persistent pleural effusions. Clin. Chest. Med. 1998; 19: 407-7. [IV].Ansari T., Idell S. Management of undiagnosed persistent pleural effusions. Clin. Chest. Med. 1998; 19: 407-7. [IV].Light R.W., Rogers J.T., Cheng D. et al. Large pleural effusions occurring after coronary artery bypass grafting. Cardiovascular Surgery Associates, PC. Ann. Intern. Med. 1999; 130: 891-6. [III].Light R.W., Rogers J.T., Cheng D. et al. Large pleural effusions occurring after coronary artery bypass grafting. Cardiovascular Surgery Associates, PC. Ann. Intern. Med. 1999; 130: 891-6. [III].Good J.T. Jr, Taryle D.A., Maulitz R.M. et al. The diagnostic value of pleural fluid pH. Chest 1980; 78: 55-9. [III].Good J.T. Jr, Taryle D.A., Maulitz R.M. et al. The diagnostic value of pleural fluid pH. Chest 1980; 78: 55-9. [III].Hamm H., Light R.W. Parapneumonic effusion and empyema. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 1150-6. [IV].Hamm H., Light R.W. Parapneumonic effusion and empyema. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 1150-6. [IV].Heffner J.E., Brown L.K., Barbieri C. et al. Pleural fluid chemical analysis in parapneumonic effusions. A meta-analysis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 151: 1700-8. [IIb]Heffner J.E., Brown L.K., Barbieri C. et al. Pleural fluid chemical analysis in parapneumonic effusions. A meta-analysis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995; 151: 1700-8. [IIb]Rodriguez P., Lopez M. Low glucose and pH levels in malignant pleural effusions. Diagnostic significance and prognostic value in respect to pleurodesis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis 1989; 139: 663-7. [IIb].Rodriguez P., Lopez M. Low glucose and pH levels in malignant pleural effusions. Diagnostic significance and prognostic value in respect to pleurodesis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis 1989; 139: 663-7. [IIb].Sahn S.A., Good J.T J. Pleural fluid pH in malignant effusions. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988; 108: 345-9. [IIb].Sahn S.A., Good J.T J. Pleural fluid pH in malignant effusions. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Ann. Intern. Med. 1988; 108: 345-9. [IIb].Sahn S.A. Pathogenesis and clinical features of disease associated with a low pleural fluid glucose. In: The pleura in health and disease. New York, 1985: 267-85. [IV].Sahn S.A. Pathogenesis and clinical features of disease associated with a low pleural fluid glucose. In: The pleura in health and disease. New York, 1985: 267-85. [IV].Light R.W., Ball W.C.J. Glucose and amylase in pleural effusions. J. A. M. A. 1973; 225: 257-9. [III].Light R.W., Ball W.C.J. Glucose and amylase in pleural effusions. J. A. M. A. 1973; 225: 257-9. [III].Sahn S.A. The pleura. Am. Rev. Respir.Dis. 1988; 138: 184-234. [IV].Sahn S.A. The pleura. Am. Rev. Respir.Dis. 1988; 138: 184-234. [IV].Houston M.C. Pleural fluid pH: diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic value. Am. J. Surg. 1987; 154: 333-7. [IV].Houston M.C. Pleural fluid pH: diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic value. Am. J. Surg. 1987; 154: 333-7. [IV].Potts D.E., Willcox M.A., Good J.T. Jr. et al. The acidosis of low-glucose pleural effusions. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1978; 117: 665-71. [IV].Potts D.E., Willcox M.A., Good J.T. Jr. et al. The acidosis of low-glucose pleural effusions. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1978; 117: 665-71. [IV].Ende N. Studies of amylase activity in pleural effusions and ascites. Cancer 1960; 13: 283-7. [III].Ende N. Studies of amylase activity in pleural effusions and ascites. Cancer 1960; 13: 283-7. [III].Sherr H.P., Light R.W., Merson M.H. et al. Origin of pleural fluid amylase in esophageal rupture. Ann. Intern. Med. 1972; 76: 985-6. [IV].Sherr H.P., Light R.W., Merson M.H. et al. Origin of pleural fluid amylase in esophageal rupture. Ann. Intern. Med. 1972; 76: 985-6. [IV].Kramer M. High amylase levels in neoplasm-related pleural effusion. Ann. Intern. Med 1989; 110: 567-9. [IV].Kramer M. High amylase levels in neoplasm-related pleural effusion. Ann. Intern. Med 1989; 110: 567-9. [IV].Light R.W. Pleural effusions. Med. Clin. North Am. 1977; 61: 1339-52. [IV].Light R.W. Pleural effusions. Med. Clin. North Am. 1977; 61: 1339-52. [IV].Lankisch P.G, Droge M., Becher R. Pleural effusions: a new negative prognostic parameter for acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 1849-51. [IV].Lankisch P.G, Droge M., Becher R. Pleural effusions: a new negative prognostic parameter for acute pancreatitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 1849-51. [IV].Hirsch A. Pleural effusion: laboratory tests in 300 cases. Thorax 1979; 34: 106-12. [III].Hirsch A. Pleural effusion: laboratory tests in 300 cases. Thorax 1979; 34: 106-12. [III].Salyer W.R., Eggleston J.C., Erozan Y.S. Efficacy of pleural needle biopsy and pleural fluid cytopathology in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm involving the pleura. Chest 1975; 67: 536-9. [IV].Salyer W.R., Eggleston J.C., Erozan Y.S. Efficacy of pleural needle biopsy and pleural fluid cytopathology in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasm involving the pleura. Chest 1975; 67: 536-9. [IV].Nance K.V., Shermer R.W., Askin F.B. Diagnostic efficacy of pleural biopsy as compared with that of pleural fluid examination. Mod Pathol 1991; 4: 320-4. [III].Nance K.V., Shermer R.W., Askin F.B. Diagnostic efficacy of pleural biopsy as compared with that of pleural fluid examination. Mod Pathol 1991; 4: 320-4. [III].Prakash U.B., Reiman H.M. Comparison of needle biopsy with cytologic analysis for the evaluation of pleural effusion: analysis of 414 cases. Mayo Clin.Proc. 1985; 60: 158-64. [IV].Prakash U.B., Reiman H.M. Comparison of needle biopsy with cytologic analysis for the evaluation of pleural effusion: analysis of 414 cases. Mayo Clin.Proc. 1985; 60: 158-64. [IV].Garcia L. The value of multiple fluid specimens in the cytological diagnosis of malignancy. Mod. Pathol. 1994; 7: 665-8. [III].Garcia L. The value of multiple fluid specimens in the cytological diagnosis of malignancy. Mod. Pathol. 1994; 7: 665-8. [III].Dekker A., Bupp P.A. Cytology of serous effusions. An investigation into the usefulness of cell blocks versus smears. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1978; 70: 855-60. [III].Dekker A., Bupp P.A. Cytology of serous effusions. An investigation into the usefulness of cell blocks versus smears. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1978; 70: 855-60. [III].Pettersson T., Froseth B., Riska H. et al. Concentration of hyaluronic acid in pleural fluid as a diagnostic aid for malignant mesothelioma. Chest. 1988; 94: 1037-9. [III].Pettersson T., Froseth B., Riska H. et al. Concentration of hyaluronic acid in pleural fluid as a diagnostic aid for malignant mesothelioma. Chest. 1988; 94: 1037-9. [III].Whitaker D. The cytology of malignant mesothelioma. Cytopathology 2000; 11: 139-51. [IV].Whitaker D. The cytology of malignant mesothelioma. Cytopathology 2000; 11: 139-51. [IV].Dejmek A., Hjerpe A. Reactivity of six antibodies in effusions of mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and mesotheliosis: stepwise logistic regression analysis. Cytopathology 2000; 11:8-17. [IIb].Dejmek A., Hjerpe A. Reactivity of six antibodies in effusions of mesothelioma, adenocarcinoma and mesotheliosis: stepwise logistic regression analysis. Cytopathology 2000; 11:8-17. [IIb].Brown R.W., Clark G.M., Tandon A.K. et al. Multiple-marker immunohistochemical phenotypes distinguishing malignant pleural mesothelioma from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Hum. Pathol. 1993; 24: 4-54. [III].Brown R.W., Clark G.M., Tandon A.K. et al. Multiple-marker immunohistochemical phenotypes distinguishing malignant pleural mesothelioma from pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Hum. Pathol. 1993; 24: 4-54. [III].Blackmore C.C., Black W.C., Dallas R.V. et al. Pleural fluid volume estimation: a chest radiograph prediction rule. Acad Radiol 1996; 3: 103-9. [IV].Blackmore C.C., Black W.C., Dallas R.V. et al. Pleural fluid volume estimation: a chest radiograph prediction rule. Acad Radiol 1996; 3: 103-9. [IV].O'Moore P.V., Mueller P.R., Simeone J.F. et al. Sonographic guidance in diagnostic and therapeutic inter ventions in the pleural space. A.J.R. 1987; 149: 1-5. [IV].O'Moore P.V., Mueller P.R., Simeone J.F. et al. Sonographic guidance in diagnostic and therapeutic inter ventions in the pleural space. A.J.R. 1987; 149: 1-5. [IV].Ruskin J.A., Gurney J.W., Thorsen M.K. et al. Detection of pleural effusions on supine chest radiographs. A.J.R. 1987; 148: 681-3. [III].Ruskin J.A., Gurney J.W., Thorsen M.K. et al. Detection of pleural effusions on supine chest radiographs. A.J.R. 1987; 148: 681-3. [III].Armstrong P., Wilson A.G., Dee P. et al. Imaging of diseases of the chest. 3rd ed. Mosby, 2001. [IV].Armstrong P., Wilson A.G., Dee P. et al. Imaging of diseases of the chest. 3rd ed. Mosby, 2001. [IV].Eibenberger K.L., Dock W.I., Ammann M.E. et al. Quantification of pleural effusions: sonography versus radiography. Radiology 1994; 191: 681-4. [III].Eibenberger K.L., Dock W.I., Ammann M.E. et al. Quantification of pleural effusions: sonography versus radiography. Radiology 1994; 191: 681-4. [III].Gryminski J., Krakowka P., Lypacewicz G. The diagnosis of pleural effusion by ultrasonic and radiologic techniques. Chest. 1976; 70: 33-7. [IV].Gryminski J., Krakowka P., Lypacewicz G. The diagnosis of pleural effusion by ultrasonic and radiologic techniques. Chest. 1976; 70: 33-7. [IV].Yang P.C., Luh K.T., Chang D.B. et al. Value of sonography in determining the nature of pleural effusion: analysis of 320 cases. A.J.R. 1992; 159: 29-33. [IV].Yang P.C., Luh K.T., Chang D.B. et al. Value of sonography in determining the nature of pleural effusion: analysis of 320 cases. A.J.R. 1992; 159: 29-33. [IV].Wu R.G., Yang P.C., Kuo S.H. et al. «Fluid color» sign: a useful indicator for discrimination between pleural thickening and pleural effusion. J. Ultrasound Med. 1995; 14: 767-9. [III].Wu R.G., Yang P.C., Kuo S.H. et al. «Fluid color» sign: a useful indicator for discrimination between pleural thickening and pleural effusion. J. Ultrasound Med. 1995; 14: 767-9. [III].Wu R.G., Yuan A., Liaw Y.S. et al. Image comparison of real-time gray-scale ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound for use in diagnosis of minimal pleural effusion. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 1994; 150: 510-4. [IIb].Wu R.G., Yuan A., Liaw Y.S. et al. Image comparison of real-time gray-scale ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound for use in diagnosis of minimal pleural effusion. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med. 1994; 150: 510-4. [IIb].Lipscomb D.J., Flower C.D., Hadfield J.W. Ultrasound of the pleura: an assessment of its clinical value. Clin. Radiol. 1981; 32: 289-90. [IV].Lipscomb D.J., Flower C.D., Hadfield J.W. Ultrasound of the pleura: an assessment of its clinical value. Clin. Radiol. 1981; 32: 289-90. [IV].McLoud T.C. CT and MR in pleural disease. Clin. Chest. Med. 1998; 19: 261-76. [IV].McLoud T.C. CT and MR in pleural disease. Clin. Chest. Med. 1998; 19: 261-76. [IV].Leung A.N., Muller N.L., Miller R.R. CT in differential diagnosis of diffuse pleural disease. A.J.R. 1990; 154: 3-92. [III].Leung A.N., Muller N.L., Miller R.R. CT in differential diagnosis of diffuse pleural disease. A.J.R. 1990; 154: 3-92. [III].Scott EM. Diffuse pleural thickening: percutaneous CT-guided cutting needle biopsy. Radiology 1995;194:867-70. [III]Scott EM. Diffuse pleural thickening: percutaneous CT-guided cutting needle biopsy. Radiology 1995;194:867-70. [III]Traill Z.C., Davies R.J., Gleeson F.V. Thoracic computed tomography in patients with suspected malignant pleural effusions. Clin. Radio.l 2001; 56: 193-6. [III].Traill Z.C., Davies R.J., Gleeson F.V. Thoracic computed tomography in patients with suspected malignant pleural effusions. Clin. Radio.l 2001; 56: 193-6. [III].Muller N.L. Imaging of the pleura. Radiology 1993; 186: 297-309. [IV].Muller N.L. Imaging of the pleura. Radiology 1993; 186: 297-309. [IV].McLoud T.C., Flower C.D. Imaging the pleura: sonography, CT, and MR imaging. A.J.R. 1991; 156: 1145-53. [IV].McLoud T.C., Flower C.D. Imaging the pleura: sonography, CT, and MR imaging. A.J.R. 1991; 156: 1145-53. [IV].Falaschi F., Battolla L., Mascalchi M. et al. Usefulness of MR signal intensity in distinguishing benign from malignant pleural disease. A.J.R. 1996; 166: 963-8. [IIb].Falaschi F., Battolla L., Mascalchi M. et al. Usefulness of MR signal intensity in distinguishing benign from malignant pleural disease. A.J.R. 1996; 166: 963-8. [IIb].Morrone N., Algranti E., Barreto E. Pleural biopsy with Cope and Abrams needles. Chest 1987; 92: 1050-2. [IIb].Morrone N., Algranti E., Barreto E. Pleural biopsy with Cope and Abrams needles. Chest 1987; 92: 1050-2. [IIb].Mungall I.P., Cowen P.N., Cooke N.T. et al. Multiple pleural biopsy with the Abrams needle. Thorax 1980; 35: 600-2. [IV].Mungall I.P., Cowen P.N., Cooke N.T. et al. Multiple pleural biopsy with the Abrams needle. Thorax 1980; 35: 600-2. [IV].Tomlinson J.R. Closed pleural biopsy. A prospective study of dual biopsy sites. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1900; 133: 56A. [III].Tomlinson J.R. Closed pleural biopsy. A prospective study of dual biopsy sites. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1900; 133: 56A. [III].Tomlinson J.R. Invasive procedures in the diagnosis of pleural disease. Semin. Respir. Med. 1987; 9: 30- 6. [IIb].Tomlinson J.R. Invasive procedures in the diagnosis of pleural disease. Semin. Respir. Med. 1987; 9: 30- 6. [IIb].Sahn S.A. Pleural manifestations of pulmonary disease. Hosp. Pract. Hosp. Ed. 1981; 16: 73-9, 83. [IV].Sahn S.A. Pleural manifestations of pulmonary disease. Hosp. Pract. Hosp. Ed. 1981; 16: 73-9, 83. [IV].Escudero B.C., Garcia C.M., Cuesta C.B. et al. Cytologic and bacteriologic analysis of fluid and pleural biopsy specimens with Cope's needle. Study of 414 patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 1990; 150: 1190-4. [III].Escudero B.C., Garcia C.M., Cuesta C.B. et al. Cytologic and bacteriologic analysis of fluid and pleural biopsy specimens with Cope's needle. Study of 414 patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 1990; 150: 1190-4. [III].Poe R.H., Israel R.H., Utell M.J. et al. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of closed pleural biopsy. Arch. Intern. Med. 1984; 144: 325-8. [III].Poe R.H., Israel R.H., Utell M.J. et al. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of closed pleural biopsy. Arch. Intern. Med. 1984; 144: 325-8. [III].Chertien J. Needle pleural biopsy. The pleura in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1985: 631-42. [IV].Chertien J. Needle pleural biopsy. The pleura in health and disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1985: 631-42. [IV].McAleer J.J., Murphy G.J., Quinn R.J. Needle biopsy of the pleura in the diagnosis of pleural effusion. Ulste.r Med. J. 1987; 56: 54-7. [III].McAleer J.J., Murphy G.J., Quinn R.J. Needle biopsy of the pleura in the diagnosis of pleural effusion. Ulste.r Med. J. 1987; 56: 54-7. [III].Canto A., Rivas J., Saumench J. et al. Points to consider when choosing a biopsy method in cases of pleurisy of unknown origin. Chest 1983; 84: 176-9. [IV].Canto A., Rivas J., Saumench J. et al. Points to consider when choosing a biopsy method in cases of pleurisy of unknown origin. Chest 1983; 84: 176-9. [IV].Maskell N.A., Gleeson F.V., Davies R.J.O. Standard pleural biopsy versus CT-guided cutting needle biopsy for the diagnosis of pleural malignancy in pleural effusions: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003 (in press). [IIa].Maskell N.A., Gleeson F.V., Davies R.J.O. Standard pleural biopsy versus CT-guided cutting needle biopsy for the diagnosis of pleural malignancy in pleural effusions: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003 (in press). [IIa].Adams R.F., Gleeson F.V. Percutaneous image-guided cutting needle biopsy of the pleura in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Chest 2001; 120: 1798-802. [III].Adams R.F., Gleeson F.V. Percutaneous image-guided cutting needle biopsy of the pleura in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Chest 2001; 120: 1798-802. [III].Adams R.F., Gleeson F.V. Percutaneous imageguided cutting needle biopsy of the pleura in the presence of a suspected malignant effusion. Radiology 2001; 219: 510-4. [III].Adams R.F., Gleeson F.V. Percutaneous imageguided cutting needle biopsy of the pleura in the presence of a suspected malignant effusion. Radiology 2001; 219: 510-4. [III].Harris R.J., Kavuru M.S., Rice T.W. et al. The diagnostic and therapeutic utility of thoracoscopy. A review. Chest 1995; 108: 828-41. [IV].Harris R.J., Kavuru M.S., Rice T.W. et al. The diagnostic and therapeutic utility of thoracoscopy. A review. Chest 1995; 108: 828-41. [IV].Page R.D. Thoracosopy: a review of 121 consecutive surgical procedures. Ann. Thorac. Surg.1989; 48: 66-8. [IV].Page R.D. Thoracosopy: a review of 121 consecutive surgical procedures. Ann. Thorac. Surg.1989; 48: 66-8. [IV].Loddenkemper R. Thoracoscopy: state of the art. Eur. Respir.J. 1998; 11: 213-21. [IV].Loddenkemper R. Thoracoscopy: state of the art. Eur. Respir.J. 1998; 11: 213-21. [IV].Viskum K., Enk B. Complications of thoracoscopy. Poumon Coeur 1981; 37: 25-8. [IV].Viskum K., Enk B. Complications of thoracoscopy. Poumon Coeur 1981; 37: 25-8. [IV].Heaton R.W., Roberts C.M. The role of fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the investigation of pleural effusion. Postgrad Med. J.1988; 64: 581-2. [IV].Heaton R.W., Roberts C.M. The role of fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the investigation of pleural effusion. Postgrad Med. J.1988; 64: 581-2. [IV].Upham J.W., Mitchell C.A., Armstrong J.G. et al. Investigation of pleural effusion: the role of bronchoscopy. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 1992; 22: 41-3. [III].Upham J.W., Mitchell C.A., Armstrong J.G. et al. Investigation of pleural effusion: the role of bronchoscopy. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 1992; 22: 41-3. [III].Feinsilver S.H., Barrows A.A., Braman S.S. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and pleural effusion of unknown origin. Chest 1986; 90: 516-9. [III].Feinsilver S.H., Barrows A.A., Braman S.S. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and pleural effusion of unknown origin. Chest 1986; 90: 516-9. [III].Chang S.C., Perng R.P. The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in evaluating the causes of pleural effusions. Arch. Intern. Med. 1989; 149: 855-7. [IIb].Chang S.C., Perng R.P. The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in evaluating the causes of pleural effusions. Arch. Intern. Med. 1989; 149: 855-7. [IIb].Turton C.W. Troublesome pleural fluid. Br. J. Dis. Chest. 1987; 81: 217-24. [IV].Turton C.W. Troublesome pleural fluid. Br. J. Dis. Chest. 1987; 81: 217-24. [IV].Ferrer S. Pleural tuberculosis: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 1996; 2: 327-34. [IV].Ferrer S. Pleural tuberculosis: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 1996; 2: 327-34. [IV].Hillerdal G. Chylothorax and pseudochylothorax. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 1150-6. [IV].Hillerdal G. Chylothorax and pseudochylothorax. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 1150-6. [IV].Ferguson G.C. Cholesterol pleural effusion in rheumatoid lung disease. Thorax. 1966; 21: 577-82. [IV].Ferguson G.C. Cholesterol pleural effusion in rheumatoid lung disease. Thorax. 1966; 21: 577-82. [IV].Hillerdal G. Chyliform (cholesterol) pleural effusion. Chest 1985; 88: 426-8. [IV].Hillerdal G. Chyliform (cholesterol) pleural effusion. Chest 1985; 88: 426-8. [IV].Romero S., Martin C., Hernandez L. et al. Chylothorax in cirrhosis of the liver: analysis of its frequency and clinical characteristics. Chest 1998; 114: 154-9. [IV].Romero S., Martin C., Hernandez L. et al. Chylothorax in cirrhosis of the liver: analysis of its frequency and clinical characteristics. Chest 1998; 114: 154-9. [IV].Berkman N., Liss H., Kramer M.R. Pyelonephritis as a cause of pleural effusion. Respiration 1996; 63: 384-6. [IV].Berkman N., Liss H., Kramer M.R. Pyelonephritis as a cause of pleural effusion. Respiration 1996; 63: 384-6. [IV].Miller K.S., Wooten S., Sahn S.A. Urinothorax: a cause of low pH transudative pleural effusions. Am. J. Med. 1988; 85: 448-9. [IV].Miller K.S., Wooten S., Sahn S.A. Urinothorax: a cause of low pH transudative pleural effusions. Am. J. Med. 1988; 85: 448-9. [IV].Stark D.D., Shanes J.G., Baron R.L. et al. Biochemical features of urinothorax. Arch. Intern. Med. 1982; 142: 1509-11. [IV].Stark D.D., Shanes J.G., Baron R.L. et al. Biochemical features of urinothorax. Arch. Intern. Med. 1982; 142: 1509-11. [IV].Garcia-Pachon E., Padilla-Navas I. Pleural effusion due to pyelonephritis or urinothorax? Respiration 1997; 64: 392. [IV].Garcia-Pachon E., Padilla-Navas I. Pleural effusion due to pyelonephritis or urinothorax? Respiration 1997; 64: 392. [IV].Berger H.W., Mejia E. Tuberculous pleurisy. Chest 1973; 63: 88-92. [IV].Berger H.W., Mejia E. Tuberculous pleurisy. Chest 1973; 63: 88-92. [IV].Idell S. Evaluation of perplexing pleural effusions. Ann. Intern. Med. 1994; 110: 567-9. [IV].Idell S. Evaluation of perplexing pleural effusions. Ann. Intern. Med. 1994; 110: 567-9. [IV].Valdes L., Alvarez D., San Jose E. et al. Tuberculous pleurisy: a study of 254 patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 1998; 158: 2017-21. [III].Valdes L., Alvarez D., San Jose E. et al. Tuberculous pleurisy: a study of 254 patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 1998; 158: 2017-21. [III].Burgess L.J., Maritz F.J., Le Roux I. et al. Use of adenosine deaminase as a diagnostic tool for tuberculous pleurisy. Thorax 1995; 50: 672-4. [IV].Burgess L.J., Maritz F.J., Le Roux I. et al. Use of adenosine deaminase as a diagnostic tool for tuberculous pleurisy. Thorax 1995; 50: 672-4. [IV].van Keimpema A.R., Slaats E.H., Wagenaar J.P. Adenosine deaminase activity, not diagnostic for tuberculous pleurisy. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 1987; 71: 15-8. [IV].van Keimpema A.R., Slaats E.H., Wagenaar J.P. Adenosine deaminase activity, not diagnostic for tuberculous pleurisy. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 1987; 71: 15-8. [IV].Hsu W.H., Chiang C.D., Huang P.L. Diagnostic value of pleural adenosine deaminase in tuberculous effusions of immunocompromised hosts. J.Formos Med. Assoc. 1993; 92: 668-70. [III].Hsu W.H., Chiang C.D., Huang P.L. Diagnostic value of pleural adenosine deaminase in tuberculous effusions of immunocompromised hosts. J.Formos Med. Assoc. 1993; 92: 668-70. [III].Light R.W. Pleural effusion due to pulmonary emboli. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2001; 7: 198-201. [IV].Light R.W. Pleural effusion due to pulmonary emboli. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2001; 7: 198-201. [IV].Epler G.R., McLoud T.C., Gaensler E.A. Prevalence and incidence of benign asbestos pleural effusion in a working population. JAMA 1982; 247: 617-22. [IIb].Epler G.R., McLoud T.C., Gaensler E.A. Prevalence and incidence of benign asbestos pleural effusion in a working population. JAMA 1982; 247: 617-22. [IIb].Hillerdal G., Ozesmi M. Benign asbestos pleural effusion: 73 exudates in 60 patients. Eu.r J. Respir. Dis. 1987; 71: 113-21. [III].Hillerdal G., Ozesmi M. Benign asbestos pleural effusion: 73 exudates in 60 patients. Eu.r J. Respir. Dis. 1987; 71: 113-21. [III].Robinson B.W., Musk A.W. Benign asbestos pleural effusion: diagnosis and course. Thorax 1981; 36: 896-900. [III].Robinson B.W., Musk A.W. Benign asbestos pleural effusion: diagnosis and course. Thorax 1981; 36: 896-900. [III].Joseph J., Sahn S.A. Connective tissue diseases and the pleura. Chest 1993; 104: 262-70. [IV].Joseph J., Sahn S.A. Connective tissue diseases and the pleura. Chest 1993; 104: 262-70. [IV].Pettersson T., Klockars M., Hellstrom P.E. Chemical and immunological features of pleural effusions: comparison between rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. Thorax 1982; 37: 354-61. [IV].Pettersson T., Klockars M., Hellstrom P.E. Chemical and immunological features of pleural effusions: comparison between rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. Thorax 1982; 37: 354-61. [IV].Hunder G.G., McDuffie F.C., Huston K.A. et al. Pleural fluid complement, complement conversion, and immune complexes in immunologic and non immunologic diseases. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1977; 90: 971-80. [IV].Hunder G.G., McDuffie F.C., Huston K.A. et al. Pleural fluid complement, complement conversion, and immune complexes in immunologic and non immunologic diseases. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1977; 90: 971-80. [IV].Good J.T. Jr., King T.E., Antony V.B. et al. Lupus pleuritis. Clinical features and pleural fluid characteristics with special reference to pleural fluid antinuclear antibodies. Chest 1983; 84: 714-8. [IV].Good J.T. Jr., King T.E., Antony V.B. et al. Lupus pleuritis. Clinical features and pleural fluid characteristics with special reference to pleural fluid antinuclear antibodies. Chest 1983; 84: 714-8. [IV].Khare V., Baethge B., Lang S. et al. Antinuclear antibodies in pleural fluid. Chest 1994; 106: 866-71. [III].Khare V., Baethge B., Lang S. et al. Antinuclear antibodies in pleural fluid. Chest 1994; 106: 866-71. [III].Salomaa E,R., Viander M., Saaresranta T. et al. Complement components and their activation products in pleural fluid. Chest. 1998; 114: 723-30. [III].Salomaa E,R., Viander M., Saaresranta T. et al. Complement components and their activation products in pleural fluid. Chest. 1998; 114: 723-30. [III].Chandrasekhar A.J. Antibody deposition in the pleura: a finding in druginduced lupus. J Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 1978; 61: 399-402. [IV].Chandrasekhar A.J. Antibody deposition in the pleura: a finding in druginduced lupus. J Allergy. Clin. Immunol. 1978; 61: 399-402. [IV].Afessa B. Pleural effusions and pneumothoraces in AIDS. Curr. Opin.Pulm. Med. 2001; 7: 202-9. [IV].Afessa B. Pleural effusions and pneumothoraces in AIDS. Curr. Opin.Pulm. Med. 2001; 7: 202-9. [IV].Miller R.F., Howling S.J., Reid A.J. et al. Pleural effusions in patients with AIDS. Sex Transm. Infect. 2000; 76: 122-5. [IIb].Miller R.F., Howling S.J., Reid A.J. et al. Pleural effusions in patients with AIDS. Sex Transm. Infect. 2000; 76: 122-5. [IIb].Afessa B. Pleural effusion and pneumothorax in hospitalized patients with HIV infection: the pulmonary complications, ICU support, and prognostic factors of hospitalized patients with HIV (PIP) study. Chest 2000; 117: 1031-7. [III].Afessa B. Pleural effusion and pneumothorax in hospitalized patients with HIV infection: the pulmonary complications, ICU support, and prognostic factors of hospitalized patients with HIV (PIP) study. Chest 2000; 117: 1031-7. [III].
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.