<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-5-700-708</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-1335</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Иммунные механизмы SARS-CoV-2 и потенциальные препараты для профилактики и лечения COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Immune mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and potential drugs in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1382-9403</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костинов</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostinov</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Костинов Михаил Петрович – д. м. н., профессор, заведующий лабораторией вакцинопрофилактики и иммунотерапии Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И.Мечникова»; профессор кафедры эпидемиологии и современных технологий вакцинации Федерального государственного автономного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, 5а119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2тел.: (495) 917-41-49 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail P. Kostinov – Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases Laboratory, I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera Professor; Professor at the Department of Epidemiology and Modern Vaccination Technologies, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Healthcare Ministry of Russia</p><p>Malуy Kazennуy per. 5A, Moscow, 105064ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991tel.: (495) 917-41-49</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">monolit.96@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркелова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Markelova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маркелова Елена Владимировна – д. м. н., профессор, заведующая кафедрой нормальной и патологической физиологии</p><p>690002, Владивосток, пр-т Острякова, 2тел.: (423) 245-07-00 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena V. Markelova – Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of the Department of Normal and Pathological Physiology</p><p>Ostryakova pr. 2, Vladivostok, 690002tel.: (423) 245-07-00</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">markev2010@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Свитич Оксана Анатольевна – д. м. н., член-корр. Российской академии наук, директор, заведующая лабораторией молекулярной иммунологии</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, 5ател.: (495) 917-49-00 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana A. Svitich – Doctor of Medicine, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Director, Head of Molecular Immunology Laboratory</p><p>Malуy Kazennуy per. 5A, Moscow, 105064tel.: (495) 917-49-00</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svitichoa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0533-0909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полищук</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polishchuk</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полищук Валентина Борисовна – к. м. н., ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории вакцинопрофилактики и иммунотерапии аллергических заболеваний</p><p>105064, Москва, Малый Казенный переулок, 5ател.: (495) 917-41-49 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valentina B. Polishchuk – Candidate of Medicine, Lead Researcher of Vaccine Prophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Allergic Diseases Laboratory</p><p>Malуy Kazennуy per. 5A, Moscow, 105064tel.: (495) 917-41-49</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polischook@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И.Мечникова»; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pacific State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И.Мечникова»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>700</fpage><lpage>708</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Костинов М.П., Маркелова Е.В., Свитич О.А., Полищук В.Б., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Костинов М.П., Маркелова Е.В., Свитич О.А., Полищук В.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kostinov M.P., Markelova E.V., Svitich O.A., Polishchuk V.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/1335">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/1335</self-uri><abstract><p>Отсутствие специфических вакцин против SARS-CoV-2, как и химиопрепаратов, в значительной степени сказалось на распространении инфекции и количестве неблагоприятных исходов COVID-19. С раскрытием патогенеза коронавирусной инфекции, особенно иммунных механизмов, очевидна важная роль системы врожденного иммунитета при взаимодействии с вирусом. Коморбидные состояния, так же как и старение организма, приводят к нарушениям механизмов иммунного ответа, снижению интерфероноиндукции, истощению CD8+ -лимфоцитов и естественных киллеров и подавлению эффективности как врожденного, так и адаптивного иммунитета. В обзоре рассматриваются различные механизмы противовирусного действия, связанные с индукцией выработки интерферона (IFN), использованием прямой IFN-терапии, применением противовирусных препаратов, а также иммунотропной терапии (синтетических иммуномодуляторов) как перспективных средств для профилактики и лечения COVID-19.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The lack of specific vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, as well as chemotherapy, significantly affected the spread of infection and the number of adverse outcomes of COVID-19. With the discovery of the pathogenesis of coronavirus infection, especially immune mechanisms, the important role of the innate immunity system in interacting with the virus is obvious. The presence of comorbid conditions, as well as the aging of the body, lead to disturbances in the immune response mechanism, low interferon induction, depletion of CD8+ -lymphocytes and natural killers and suppression of the effectiveness of both innate and adaptive immunity. The review discusses various mechanisms of antiviral activity associated with the induction of interferon (IFN) production, the use of direct IFN therapy, the use of antiviral drugs, and immunotropic therapy (synthetic immunomodulators), as promising in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>приобретенный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>интерферонотерапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>adaptive immunity</kwd><kwd>interferon therapy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yaqinuddin A., Kashir J. Innate immunity in COVID-19 patients mediated by NKG2A receptors, and potential treatment using Monalizumab, Cholroquine, and antiviral agents. Med. Hypotheses. 2020; 140: 109777. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109777.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaqinuddin A., Kashir J. Innate immunity in COVID-19 patients mediated by NKG2A receptors, and potential treatment using Monalizumab, Cholroquine, and antiviral agents. Med. Hypotheses. 2020; 140: 109777. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109777.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kai H., Kai M. Interactions of coronaviruses with ACE2, angiotensin II, and RAS inhibitors-lessons from available evidence and insights into COVID-19. Hypertens. Res. 2020; 43 (7): 648–654. DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0455-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kai H., Kai M. Interactions of coronaviruses with ACE2, angiotensin II, and RAS inhibitors-lessons from available evidence and insights into COVID-19. Hypertens. Res. 2020; 43 (7): 648–654. DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0455-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arias-Reyes C., Zubieta-DeUrioste N., Poma-Machicao L. et al. Does the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 virus decrease at high-altitude? Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 2020; 277: 103443. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103443.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arias-Reyes C., Zubieta-DeUrioste N., Poma-Machicao L. et al. Does the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 virus decrease at high-altitude? Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 2020; 277: 103443. DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103443.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tay M.Z., Poh C.M., Rénia L. et al. The trinity of COVID19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2020; 20 (6): 363–374. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-0200311-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tay M.Z., Poh C.M., Rénia L. et al. The trinity of COVID19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2020; 20 (6): 363–374. DOI: 10.1038/s41577-0200311-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kato H., Takeuchi O., Sato S. et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature. 2006; 441 (7089): 101–105. DOI: 10.1038/nature04734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kato H., Takeuchi O., Sato S. et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature. 2006; 441 (7089): 101–105. DOI: 10.1038/nature04734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao W., Li T. COVID-19: towards understanding of pathogenesis. Cell Res. 2020; 30 (5): 367–369. DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0327-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao W., Li T. COVID-19: towards understanding of pathogenesis. Cell Res. 2020; 30 (5): 367–369. DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0327-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Lucena T.M.C., da Silva Santos A.F., de Lima B.R. et al. Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2020; 14 (4): 597–600. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Lucena T.M.C., da Silva Santos A.F., de Lima B.R. et al. Mechanism of inflammatory response in associated comorbidities in COVID-19. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2020; 14 (4): 597–600. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mihm S. COVID-19: Possible impact of the genetic background in IFNL genes on disease outcomes. J. Innate Immun. 2020; 12 (3): 273–274. DOI: 10.1159/000508076.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mihm S. COVID-19: Possible impact of the genetic background in IFNL genes on disease outcomes. J. Innate Immun. 2020; 12 (3): 273–274. DOI: 10.1159/000508076.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Akbari H. The powerful immune system against powerful COVID-19: A hypothesis. Med. Hypotheses. 2020; 140: 109762. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109762.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taghizadeh-Hesary F., Akbari H. The powerful immune system against powerful COVID-19: A hypothesis. Med. Hypotheses. 2020; 140: 109762. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109762.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andreakos E., Tsiodras S. COVID-19: lambda interferon against viral load and hyperinflammation. EMBO Mol. Med. 2020; 12 (6): e12465. DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012465.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreakos E., Tsiodras S. COVID-19: lambda interferon against viral load and hyperinflammation. EMBO Mol. Med. 2020; 12 (6): e12465. DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012465.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin Y., Yang H., Ji W. et al. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020; 12 (4): 372. DOI: 10.3390/v12040372.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin Y., Yang H., Ji W. et al. Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19. Viruses. 2020; 12 (4): 372. DOI: 10.3390/v12040372.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaninov N. In the eye of the COVID-19 cytokine storm. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2020; 20 (5): 277. DOI: 10.1038/s41577020-0305-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaninov N. In the eye of the COVID-19 cytokine storm. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2020; 20 (5): 277. DOI: 10.1038/s41577020-0305-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joly B.S., Siguret V., Veyradier A. Understanding pathophysiology of hemostasis disorders in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (8): 16031606. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06088-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joly B.S., Siguret V., Veyradier A. Understanding pathophysiology of hemostasis disorders in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46 (8): 16031606. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-020-06088-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколова Т.М., Полосков В.В., Шувалов А.Н. Вакцины «Гриппол» и «Ваксигрип» – активаторы экспрессии генов системы врожденного иммунитета в клетках острой моноцитарной лейкемии TНP-1. Евразийский союз ученых. 2016; 5 (26): 61–63. Доступно на: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vaktsiny-grippol-i-vaksigrip-aktivatory-ekspressii-genov-sistemy-vrozhdennogo-immuniteta-v-kletkah-ostroy-monotsitarnoy-leykemii-tnr1/viewer</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolova T.M., Poloskov V.V., Shuvalov A.N. [Grippol and Vaxigrip vaccines – activators of gene expression of the innate immunity system in acute monocytic leukemia cells TNP-1]. Evraziyskiy soyuz uchenykh. 2016; 5 (26): 61–63. Available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vaktsiny-grippol-i-vaksigrip-aktivatory-ekspressii-genov-sistemy-vrozhdennogo-immuniteta-v-kletkah-ostroy-monotsitarnoy-leykemii-tnr1/viewer (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколова Т.М., Шувалов А.Н., Полосков В.В. и др. Вакцины «Гриппол», «Ваксигрип» и «Инфлювак» индукторы генов факторов врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета в клетках крови человека. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2014; (5): 37–43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolova T.M., Shuvalov A.N., Poloskov V.V. et al. [Grippol, Vaxigrip and Influvac vaccines – inductors of innate and adaptive immunity factor genes in human blood cells]. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii. 2014; (5): 37–43 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколова Т.М., Шувалов А.Н., Полосков В.В. и др. Стимуляция экспрессии генов сигнальных рецепторов и индукция синтеза цитокинов в клетках крови человека при действии препарата рибонуклеат натрия и его комбинаций с гриппозными вакцинами in vitro. Молекулярная медицина. 2015; (1): 12–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolova T.M., Shuvalov A.N., Poloskov V.V. et al. [Simulation of signaling receptors gene expression and induction of synthesis of cytokines in human blood cells by drug Ribonucleat sodium and its combination with inactivated influenza vaccines]. Molekulyarnaya meditsina. 2015; (1): 12–17 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostinov M.P., Akhmatova N.K., Khromova E.A. et al. The impact of adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted influenza vaccines on the innate and adaptive immunity effectors. In: Saxena S.K., ed. Influenza – therapeutics and challenges. Chapter 5. London: IntechOpen; 2018: 83–109. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostinov M.P., Akhmatova N.K., Khromova E.A. et al. The impact of adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted influenza vaccines on the innate and adaptive immunity effectors. In: Saxena S.K., ed. Influenza – therapeutics and challenges. Chapter 5. London: IntechOpen; 2018: 83–109. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хромова Е.А., Ахматова Э.А., Сходова С.А. и др. Влияние противогриппозных вакцин на субпопуляции дендритных клеток крови. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2016; (5): 23–28. DOI: 10.36233/03729311-2016-5-23–28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khromova E.A., Akhmatova E.A., Skhodova S.A. et al. [Effect of influenza vaccines on subpopulations of blood dendritic cells]. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii. 2016; (5): 23–28. DOI: 10.36233/03729311-2016-5-23-28 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexia C., Cren M., Louis-Plence P. et al. Polyoxidonium® activates cytotoxic lymphocyte responses through dendritic cell maturation: Clinical effects in breast cancer. Front. Immunol. 2019; 10: 2693. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02693.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexia C., Cren M., Louis-Plence P. et al. Polyoxidonium® activates cytotoxic lymphocyte responses through dendritic cell maturation: Clinical effects in breast cancer. Front. Immunol. 2019; 10: 2693. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02693.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Талаев В.Ю., Матвеичев А.В., Заиченко И.Е. и др. Вакцинный адъювант Полиоксидоний ® усиливает иммунный ответ на низкую дозу антигенов гриппа. В кн.: Научное обеспечение противоэпидемической защиты населения: актуальные проблемы и решения: сборник научных трудов. Н. Новгород: Ремедиум Приволжье; 2019: 363–365.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talaev V.Yu., Matveichev A.V., Zaichenko I.E. et al. [Polyoxidonium ® vaccine adjuvant enhances the immune response to low dose of influenza antigens]. In: [Scientific support of anti-epidemic protection of the population: urgent problems and solutions: Collected scientific papers]. N. Novgorod: Remedium Privolzh’e; 2019: 363–365 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мавзютова Г.А., Мухамадиева Л.Р., Фазлыева Р.М. и др. Рациональная иммунокоррекция в комплексной терапии внебольничной пневмонии. Медицинский совет. 2015; (16): 68–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mavzyutova G.A., Mukhamadieva L.R., Fazlyeva R.M. et al. [Rational immunotherapy in the combination treatment of community-acquired pneumonia]. Meditsinskiy sovet. 2015; (16): 68–73 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иллек Я.Ю., Галанина А.В., Зайцева Г.А. Эффективность Полиоксидония при тяжелом течении пневмонии у детей раннего возраста. Terra Medica Nova. 2005; (3): 12–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Illek Ya.Yu., Galanina A.V., Zaytseva G.A. [The effectiveness of polyoxidonium in severe pneumonia in young children]. Terra Medica Nova. 2005; (3): 12–14 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аверкиев В.Л., Тарасенко В.С., Латышева Т.В., Аверкиева Л.В. Коррекция иммунологических нарушений у больных панкреонекрозом. Иммунология. 2002; 23 (6): 359–363.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Averkiev V.L., Tarasenko V.S., Latysheva T.V., Averkieva L.V. [Correction of immunological disorders in patients with pancreatic necrosis]. Immunologiya. 2002; 23 (6): 359–363 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гаврилюк В.П., Конопля А.И. Влияние иммуномодулирующих препаратов на течение аппендикулярного перитонита у детей. Детская хирургия. 2012; (4): 36–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gavrilyuk V.P., Konoplya A.I. [Effect of immunomodulators on the clinical course of appendicular peritonitis in children]. Detskaya khirurgiya. 2012; (4): 36–38 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гординская Н.А., Пылаева С.И., Сидоркин В.Г., Аминев В.А. Влияние Полиоксидония на уровень интоксикации у ожоговых больных. Иммунология. 2002; (6): 363–365.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordinskaya N.A., Pylaeva S.I., Sidorkin V.G., Aminev V.A. [Effect of Polyoxidonium on the level of intoxication in burn patients]. Immunologiya. 2002; (6): 363–365 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">[Vyšetrovací algoritmus a medikamentózna liečba pacientov nad 65 rokov, pacientov so závažným priebehom a polymorbídnych pacientov počas hospitalizácie na infekčnom oddelení]. Available at: https://korona.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-hospitalizovan%C3%ADpacientiv-nad-65-rokov-lie%C4%8Dba-infekcne-oddelenia-verzia-2.0.pdf (in Slovak). / [Examination algorithm and drug treatment of patients over 65 years of age, patients with severe course and polymorbid patients during hospitalization in the infection department]. Available at: https://korona.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-hospitalizovan%C3%AD-pacientiv-nad-65-rokov-lie%C4%8Dba-infekcneoddelenia-verzia-2.0.pdf (in Slovak).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Vyšetrovací algoritmus a medikamentózna liečba pacientov nad 65 rokov, pacientov so závažným priebehom a polymorbídnych pacientov počas hospitalizácie na infekčnom oddelení]. Available at: https://korona.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-hospitalizovan%C3%ADpacientiv-nad-65-rokov-lie%C4%8Dba-infekcne-oddelenia-verzia-2.0.pdf (in Slovak). / [Examination algorithm and drug treatment of patients over 65 years of age, patients with severe course and polymorbid patients during hospitalization in the infection department]. Available at: https://korona.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-hospitalizovan%C3%AD-pacientiv-nad-65-rokov-lie%C4%8Dba-infekcneoddelenia-verzia-2.0.pdf (in Slovak).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лусс Л.В., Мартынов-Радушинский А.А. Роль и место иммуномодулирующей терапии в лечении инфекционно-воспалительных заболеваний, протекающих на фоне вторичной иммунной недостаточности. Медицинский совет. 2013; (11): 78–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luss L.V., MartynovRadushinskiy A.A. [Role and place of immunomodulation therapy in the treatment of infectious inflammatory diseases in combination with secondary immune deficiency]. Medicinskiy sovet. 2013; (11): 78–81 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мастернак Ю.А., Лусс Л.В. Влияние Полиоксидония на показатели иммунного статуса лиц пожилого возраста. Иммунология. 2002; (6): 343–346.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masternak Yu.A., Luss L.V. [The effect of Polyoxidonium on the parameters of the immune status of elderly people]. Immunologiya. 2002; (6): 343–346 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Парахонский А.П. Клинико-иммунологическая характеристика иммунной недостаточности у пожилых людей и ее коррекция. Современные наукоемкие технологии. 2008; (7): 89–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parahonskiy A.P. [Clinical and immunological characteristics of immune deficiency and its correction in the elderly patients]. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii. 2008; (7): 89–90 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сербин А.С., Фомичев Е.В., Афанасьева О.Ю., Алешанов К.А. Иммунный статус больных пожилого возраста с одонтогенной флегмоной челюстно-лицевой области на фоне иммунокорригирующей терапии. Медицинский алфавит. 2016; 2 (9 (272)): 65–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serbin A.S., Fomichev E.V., Afanas’eva O.Yu., Aleshanov K.A. [Immune status of elderly patients with odontogenic phlegmon of maxillofacial region along with taking immuno-modulary therapy]. Medicinskiy alfavit. 2016; 2 (9 (272)): 65–67 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нестерова И.В. Препараты интерферона альфа в клинической практике: когда и как. Лечащий врач. 2017; (9): 66–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nesterova I.V. [Interferon alpha preparations in clinical practice: when and how]. Lechashchiy vrach. 2017; (9): 66–76 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нестерова И.В. Врожденные и приобретенные интерферонопатии: дифференцированные подходы к интерферон-корректирующей терапии. Детские инфекции. 2017; 2 (16): 50–53. DOI: 10.22627/2072-8107-2017-16-250-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nesterova I.V. [Congenital and acquired interferonopathies: differentiated approaches to the interferon-corrective therapy]. Detskie infektsii. 2017; 2 (16): 50–53. DOI: 10.22627/2072-8107-2017-16-2-50-53 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Casanova J.L. et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update on the classification from the international union of immunological societies expert committee for primary immunodeficiency. Front. Immunol. 2014; 5: 162. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Herz W, Bousfiha A, Casanova J.L. et al. Primary immunodeficiency diseases: an update on the classification from the international union of immunological societies expert committee for primary immunodeficiency. Front. Immunol. 2014; 5: 162. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чучалин А.Г., Александровский Ю.А., Аметова А.С. и др., ред. Федеральное руководство по использованию лекарственных средств (формулярная система). М.: Эхо; 2015. Вып. XVI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuchalin A.G., Aleksandrovskiy Ju.A., Ametova A.S. et al., eds. [Federal guidelines for the use of drugs (formulary system). Moscow: Ekho; 2015. Is. XVI (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костинов. М.П., ред. Иммунокоррекция в педиатрии: Практическое руководство для врачей. М.: Медицина для всех; 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostinov. M.P., ed. [Immunocorrection in Pediatrics: A Practical Guide for Physicians]. Moscow: Meditsina dlya vsekh; 1997 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мещерякова А.К., Костинов М.П., Магаршак О.О. и др. Показатели местного иммунитета у беременных с острой респираторной инфекцией на фоне интерферонотерапии. Вопросы гинекологии, акушерства и перинатологии. 2014; 13 (2): 44–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meshcheryakova A.K., Kostinov M.P., Magarshak O.O. et. al. [Local immunity levels in pregnant women with acute respiratory infection against the background of interferon therapy]. Voprosy ginekologii, akusherstva i perinatologii. 2014; 13 (2): 44–48 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мещерякова А.К., Костинов М.П., Магаршак О.О. и др. Влияние препарата рекомбинантного интерферона α-2b в форме геля на течение ОРИ и состояние мукозального иммунитета у женщин в периоде гестации от 14 недель. Вестник оториноларингологии. 2014; (6): 50–53. DOI: 10.17116/otorino2014-650-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meshcheryakova A.K., Kostinov M.P., Magarshak O.O. et al. [The influence of gel-like recombinant interferon α-2b on the clinical course of acute respiratory infection and the state of mucosal immunity in the pregnant women]. Vestnik otorinolaringologii. 2014; (6): 50–53. DOI: 10.17116/otorino2014-650-53 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костинов М.П., Лукачев И.В., Мещерякова А.К. и др. Индукция эффекторов врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета в процессе лечения топической формой рекомбинантного интерферона-α2b при респираторных инфекциях у беременных. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2017; (2): 38–45. DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2017-2-38-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostinov M.P., Lukachev I.V., Meshcheryakova A.K. et al. [Induction of effectors of innate and adaptive immunity in the process of therapy of topic form of recombinant interferon-α2b during respiratory infections in pregnant]. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii. 2017; (2): 38–45. DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-2017-2-38-45 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костинов М.П., Лукачев И.В., Мещерякова А.К. и др. Профилактика осложнений у беременных с легкой и средней тяжестью течения острых респираторных инфекций. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2018; 17 (1): 62–73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostinov M.P., Lukachev I.V., Meshcheryakova A.K. et al. [Preventing complications in pregnant women with mild and moderate severity of acute respiratory infections]. Epidemiologiya i vaktsinoprofilaktika. 2018; 17 (1): 62–73 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Краснов В.В. Грипп и ОРВИ: использование рекомбинантного интерферона для лечения и профилактики у детей. Практика педиатра. 2019; (1): 24–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krasnov V.V. [Influenza and acute respiratory infections: the use of recombinant interferon for treatment and prevention in children]. Praktika pediatra. 2019; (1): 24–29 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sallard E., Lescure F-X., Yazdanpranh Y. et al. Type 1 interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19. Antiviral Res. 2020; 178: 104791. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104791.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sallard E., Lescure F-X., Yazdanpranh Y. et al. Type 1 interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19. Antiviral Res. 2020; 178: 104791. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104791.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prokunina-Olsson L., Alphonse N., Dickenson R.E. et al. COVID-19 and emerging viral infections: The case for interferon lambda. J. Exp. Med. 2020; 217 (5): e20200653. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200653.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prokunina-Olsson L., Alphonse N., Dickenson R.E. et al. COVID-19 and emerging viral infections: The case for interferon lambda. J. Exp. Med. 2020; 217 (5): e20200653. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200653.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколова Т.М., Урываев Л.В., Тазулахова Э.Б. и др. Индивидуальные изменения экспрессии генов системы интерферона в клетках крови человека под влиянием амиксина и циклоферона. Вопросы вирусологии. 2005; 50 (2): 32–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolova T.M., Uryvaev L.V., Tazulahova Je.B. et al. [Individual changes of gene expression in the interferon system in human blood cells due to amixin and cycloferon]. Voprosy virusologii. 2005; 50 (2): 32–36 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бажанова Е.Д. Циклоферон: механизм действия, функции и применение в клинике: обзор литературы. Экспериментальная и клиническая фармакология. 2012; 75 (7): 40–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazhanova E.D. [Cycloferon: mechanism of action, functions and application]. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya farmakologiya. 2012; 75 (7): 40–44 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шульдяков А.А., Ляпина Е.П., Соболева Л.А. и др. Использование индукторов интерферонов в клинике инфекционных болезней. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2018; 63 (3–4): 28–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shul’dyakov A.A., Lyapina E.P., Soboleva L.A. et al. [The use of interferon inducers in an infectious disease clinic]. Antibiotiki i khimioterapiya. 2018; 63 (3–4): 28–36 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Терешин В.А., Соцкая Я.А., Круглова О.В. Эффективность циклоферона при лечении и профилактике гриппа и ОРВИ у детей и подростков. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2014; 59 (2): 103–108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tereshin V.A., Sotskaya Ya.A., Kruglova O.V. [Efficacy of cycloferon in the treatment and prevention of influenza and acute respiratory infections in children and teenagers]. Rossiyskiy vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii. 2014; 59 (2): 103108 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin M., Zhang Y., Li H. Advances in research on immunoregulation of macrophages by plant polysaccharides. Front. Immunol. 2019; 10: 145. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin M., Zhang Y., Li H. Advances in research on immunoregulation of macrophages by plant polysaccharides. Front. Immunol. 2019; 10: 145. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shim E.H., Choung S.Y. Inhibitory effects of Solanum tuberosum L. var. vitelotte extract on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2014; 66 (9): 1306–1316. DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12254.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shim E.H., Choung S.Y. Inhibitory effects of Solanum tuberosum L. var. vitelotte extract on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2014; 66 (9): 1306–1316. DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12254.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang M.A., Choung S.Y. Solanum tuberosum L. cv Hongyoung extract inhibits 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Mol. Med. Rep. 2016; 14 (4): 3093–3103. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5595.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang M.A., Choung S.Y. Solanum tuberosum L. cv Hongyoung extract inhibits 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Mol. Med. Rep. 2016; 14 (4): 3093–3103. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5595.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ашахер Т., Крохин А., Кузнецова И. и др. Влияние препарата Ингавирин ® (имидазолилэтанамида пентандиовой кислоты) на интерфероновый статус клеток в условиях вирусной инфекции. Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. 2016; 21 (4): 196–205. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9529-201621-4-196-205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashakher T., Krokhin A., Kuznetsova I. et al. [Effect of the preparation Ingavirin® (imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid) on the interferon status of cells under conditions of viral infection]. Epidemiologiya i infektsionnye bolezni. 2016; 21 (4): 196–205. DOI: 10.18821/1560-9529-201621-4-196-205 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фарбер И.М., Геппе Н.А., Рейхарт Д.В. и др. Терапия гриппа и прочих ОРВИ у детей младшего и среднего школьного возраста: влияние препарата Ингавирин® на интоксикационный, лихорадочный и катаральный синдромы. Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2016; 61 (2): 115–120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farber I.M., Geppe N.A., Reykhart D.V. et al. [Therapy for influenza and acute respiratory viral infection in young and middle-aged schoolchildren: Effect of Ingavirin ® on intoxication, fever, and catarrhal syndromes]. Rossiyskiy vestnik perinatologii i pediatrii. 2016; 61 (2): 115–120 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leneva I.A., Russell R.J., Boriskin Y.S., Hay A.J. Characteristics of Arbidol-resistant mutants of influenza virus: Implications for the mechanism of anti-influenza action of Arbidol. Antiviral Res. 2009; 81 (2): 132–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leneva I.A., Russell R.J., Boriskin Y.S., Hay A.J. Characteristics of Arbidol-resistant mutants of influenza virus: Implications for the mechanism of anti-influenza action of Arbidol. Antiviral Res. 2009; 81 (2): 132–140. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boriskin Y., Leneva I., Pecheur E., Polyak S.J. Arbidol: a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that bloks viral fusion. Curr. Med. Chem. 2008; 15 (10): 997–1005. DOI: 10.2174/092986708784049658.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boriskin Y., Leneva I., Pecheur E., Polyak S.J. Arbidol: a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that bloks viral fusion. Curr. Med. Chem. 2008; 15 (10): 997–1005. DOI: 10.2174/092986708784049658.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delogu I., Pastorino B., Baronti C. et al. In vitro antiviral activity of Аrbidol against Chikungunya virus and characteristics of a selected resistant mutant. Antiviral Res. 2011; 90 (3): 99–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delogu I., Pastorino B., Baronti C. et al. In vitro antiviral activity of Аrbidol against Chikungunya virus and characteristics of a selected resistant mutant. Antiviral Res. 2011; 90 (3): 99–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.03.182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brooks M.J., Burtseva E.I., Ellery P.J. et al. Antiviral activity of Аrbidol, a broad-spectrum drug for use against respiratory viruses, varies according to test conditions. J. Med. Virol. 2012; 84 (1): 170–181. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brooks M.J., Burtseva E.I., Ellery P.J. et al. Antiviral activity of Аrbidol, a broad-spectrum drug for use against respiratory viruses, varies according to test conditions. J. Med. Virol. 2012; 84 (1): 170–181. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурцева Е.И., Шевченко Е.С., Белякова Н.В. и др. Мониторинг чувствительности выделенных в России эпидемических штаммов вирусов гриппа к этиотропным химиопрепаратам. Вопросы вирусологии. 2009; (2): 24–28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burtseva E.I., Shevchenko E.S., Belyakova N.V. et al. [Monitoring of the sensitivity of epidemic influenza virus strains isolated in Russia to etiotropic chemical agents]. Voprosy virusologii. 2009; (2): 24–28 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вартанян Р.В., Чешик С.Г., Колобухина Л.В., Малышев Н.А. Лечение острых респираторных вирусных инфекций и гриппа у детей дошкольного возраста препаратом Кагоцел ® . Медицинские новости. 2015; 12 (255): 29–31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vartanyan R.V., Cheshik S.G., Kolobukhina L.V., Malyshev N.A. [Treatment of acute respiratory viral infections and influenza in preschool children by Kagoсel® ]. Meditsinskie novosti. 2015; 12 (255): 29–31 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зуйкова И.Н., Шульженко А.Е., Щубелко Р.В. Индуктор интерферона Кагоцел ® в комплексной терапии герпесвирусных заболеваний. Фарматека. 2014; 3 (276): 23–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuykova I.N., Shul’zhenko A.E., Shchubelko R.V. [Interferon inducer Kagocel ® in the complex treatment of herpes virus diseases]. Farmateka. 2014; 3 (276): 23–29 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma C., Sacco M.D., Hurst B. et al. Boceprevir, GC-376, and calpain inhibitors II, XII inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication by targeting the viral main protease. Cell Res. 2020; 30 (8): 678–692. DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0356-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma C., Sacco M.D., Hurst B. et al. Boceprevir, GC-376, and calpain inhibitors II, XII inhibit SARS-CoV-2 viral replication by targeting the viral main protease. Cell Res. 2020; 30 (8): 678–692. DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0356-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scott I.C., Hider S.L., Scott D.L. Thromboembolism with Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis: How real is the risk? Drug Saf. 2018; 41 (7): 645–653. DOI: 10.1007/s40264-018-0651-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scott I.C., Hider S.L., Scott D.L. Thromboembolism with Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis: How real is the risk? Drug Saf. 2018; 41 (7): 645–653. DOI: 10.1007/s40264-018-0651-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehta P., Ciurtin C., Scully M. et al. JAK inhibitors in COVID-19: the need for vigilance regarding increased inherent thrombotic risk. Eur. Respir. J. 2020; 56 (3): 2001919. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01919-2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehta P., Ciurtin C., Scully M. et al. JAK inhibitors in COVID-19: the need for vigilance regarding increased inherent thrombotic risk. Eur. Respir. J. 2020; 56 (3): 2001919. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01919-2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ulrich H., Pillat M.M. CD147 as a target for COVID-19 treatment: Suggested effects of Azithromycin and stem cell engagement. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 2020; 16 (3): 434–440. DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09976-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulrich H., Pillat M.M. CD147 as a target for COVID-19 treatment: Suggested effects of Azithromycin and stem cell engagement. Stem Cell Rev. Rep. 2020; 16 (3): 434–440. DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09976-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu C., Zhu D. Cyclophilin A and CD147: novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of COVID-19. Med. Drug Discov. 2020; 7: 100056. DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100056.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu C., Zhu D. Cyclophilin A and CD147: novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of COVID-19. Med. Drug Discov. 2020; 7: 100056. DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100056.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
