<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18093/0869-0189-2019-29-4-391-402</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-1191</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕДОВАЯ СТАТЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EDITORIAL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Внебольничная пневмония у лиц c хронической сердечной недостаточностью: особенности клинических проявлений и роль сывороточных биомаркеров в диагностике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Community-acquired pneumonia in patients with chronic heart failure: clinical manifestation and a diagnostic role of biomarkers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бобылев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bobylev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бобылев Андрей Анатольевич – кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник Научно-исследовательского центра Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Смоленский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, координатор проектов <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.list-org.com/search?type=name&amp;val=%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%96%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF%20%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF%20%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%A9%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%A5%20%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%AA%D0%95%D0%94%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%99%20%20%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%96%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF%20%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF%20%D0%9F%D0%9E%20%D0%9A%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%99%20%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%98%20%D0%98%20%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%99%20%D0%A5%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%98" ext-link-type="uri">Межрегиональной ассоциации общественных объединений «Межрегиональная ассоциация по клинической микробиологии и антимикробной химиотерапии»</ext-link></p><p>214019, Смоленск, ул. Крупской, 28, </p><p>214019, Смоленск, ул. Крупской, 28</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Bobylev, Candidate of Medicine, Researcher, Research Center</p><p>ul. Krupskoy 28, Smolensk, 214019, </p><p>ul. Krupskoy 28, Smolensk, 214019</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andrey.bobylev@antibiotic.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рачина</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rachina</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рачина Светлана Александровна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры внутренних болезней с курсом кардиологии и функциональной диагностики имени академика В.С.Моисеева</p><sec><title>117198, Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6</title></sec></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana A. Rachina, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, V.S.Moiseev Department of Internal Medicine with the Course of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostics</p><p>ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 6, Moscow, 117198</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svetlana.ratchina@antibiotic.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдеев Сергей Николаевич – доктор медицинских наук, член-корр. Российской академии наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии Федерального государственного автономного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, руководитель клинического отдела Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</p><p> 119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2, </p><p>115682, Москва, Ореховый бульвар, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey N. Avdeev, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of Department of Pulmonology</p><p>ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg_avdeev@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>Р. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>R. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козлов Роман Сергеевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, ректор Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Смоленский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, директор <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.list-org.com/search?type=name&amp;val=%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%96%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF%20%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF%20%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%A9%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%A5%20%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%AA%D0%95%D0%94%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%99%20%20%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%96%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%93%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF%20%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF%20%D0%9F%D0%9E%20%D0%9A%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%99%20%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%98%D0%98%20%D0%98%20%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%99%20%D0%A5%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%98" ext-link-type="uri">Межрегиональной ассоциации общественных объединений «Межрегиональная ассоциация по клинической микробиологии и антимикробной химиотерапии»</ext-link>, главный внештатный специалист Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации по направлению «Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная резистентность»</p><p>214019, Смоленск, ул. Крупской, 28, </p><p>214019, Смоленск, ул. Крупской, 28</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Roman S. Kozlov, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Rector of Smolensk State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia; Director of Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Chief Specialist of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</p><p>ul. Krupskoy 28, Smolensk, 214019, </p><p>ul. Krupskoy 28, Smolensk, 214019</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Roman.Kozlov@antibiotic.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Смоленский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации;&#13;
Межрегиональная ассоциация общественных объединений «Межрегиональная ассоциация по клинической микробиологии и антимикробной химиотерапии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Smolensk State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia;&#13;
Interregional Association for Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский университет дружбы народов» Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The Peoples' Friendship University, Ministry of Science and higher Education of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет);&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>391</fpage><lpage>402</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бобылев А.А., Рачина С.А., Авдеев С.Н., Козлов Р.С., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бобылев А.А., Рачина С.А., Авдеев С.Н., Козлов Р.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bobylev A.A., Rachina S.A., Avdeev S.N., Kozlov R.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/1191">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/1191</self-uri><abstract><p>Целью исследования явилось рассмотрение особенностей течения внебольничной пневмонии (ВП) на фоне хронической сердечной недостаточности (ХСН) и оценка в динамике (до и после лечения) сывороточных концентраций биомаркеров воспаления – С-реактивного белка (СРБ), прокальцитонина (ПКТ), интерлейкина (IL)-6, фактора некроза опухоли-α (TNF-α) и мозгового натрийуретического пептида (МНУП) у пациентов с ВП в сочетании с ХСН. Материалы и методы. В проспективное наблюдательное исследование включены госпитализированные взрослые пациенты (n = 70) с доказанной ХСН и предварительным клиническим диагнозом ВП. Окончательная верификация ВП проводилась с помощью мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии легких, на основании результатов которой больные были распределены в 2 группы: 1-я (n = 35) – с доказанной ВП, 2-я (n = 35) – с неподтвержденной ВП (лица с другими инфекциями дыхательных путей – ИДП). При включении в исследование и на визите последующего наблюдения всем пациентам проводилась эхокардиография (ЭхоКГ) для оценки степени кардиальной дисфункции. Дополнительно к рутинным методам диагностики при поступлении (1-й визит), на 10–14-й день (2-й визит) и 28–42-й день (3-й визит) определялись сывороточные концентрации биомаркеров. Для обработки полученных результатов использовались стандартные статистические подходы. Результаты. По большинству демографических, анамнестических, клинических характеристик, а также по результатам лабораторной, инструментальной и рентгенологической диагностики рассматриваемые когорты оказались сопоставимыми. При отсутствии в группах достоверных различий по параметрам ЭхоКГ существенного влияния ВП на течение ХСН не подтверждено. После лечения у подавляющего большинства больных отмечено улучшение или исчезновение всех основных симптомов с благоприятным исходом обоих заболеваний. Кроме того, в обеих группах регистрировалась положительная динамика параметров ЭхоКГ, свидетельствующая об уменьшении кардиальной дисфункции на фоне проводимой терапии. При повизитном определении биомаркеров наиболее значимые различия отмечались при анализе СРБ. Так, его исходный уровень при ВП был существенно выше, чем при других ИДП, а после лечения снижался по результатам 2-го (для обеих групп) и 3-го (для 1-й группы) визитов. Наряду с этим регистрировались значимые межгрупповые различия по данному показателю как на 1-м, так и на 2-м визите. При оценке других биомаркеров (ПКТ, IL-6, МНУП) их сывороточные концентрации были, как правило, достоверно выше лишь на 1-м визите по сравнению с 2-м. Динамика уровня TNF-α оказалась статистически не значимой для всех категорий сравнения. Заключение. Развитие ВП при ХСН не оказывает существенного влияния на степень ее декомпенсации. Биомаркеры воспаления (СРБ, ПКТ, IL-6) могут использоваться для дифференциальной диагностики ВП и других ИДП при ХСН дополнительно к рутинному алгоритму, при этом наиболее перспективным из них является СРБ. На фоне стандартного лечения ВП и ХСН в стационаре отмечается достоверное снижение уровня клинически значимых биомаркеров (СРБ, ПКТ, IL-6, МНУП), что, вероятно, может учитываться при оценке эффективности терапии и прогноза.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aims of this study were to evaluate clinical course of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and to assess the time course of serum biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), at baseline and after treatment in patients with CAP and CHF. Methods. This was a prospective observational study. Adult patients with CHF admitted to a hospital due to suspected CAP were recruited in the study. The diagnosis of CAP was confirmed by chest computed tomography (CT). Subsequently, patients were assigned to the group 1 (with confirmed CAP) or the group 2 (with respiratory infections other than CAP). Echocardiography was performed in all patients at baseline and in follow-up visits. In addition to the routine clinical examination and laboratory tests, serum biomarkers were measured in all patients at admission (Visit 1), at days 10 to 14 (Visit 2), and at days 28 to 42 (Visit 3). Standard statistical methods were used for data analysis. Results. Seventy patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study; of them, 35 patients had confirmed CAP and 35 patients had respiratory infections other than CAP. Both groups were similar for demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as for laboratory, echocardiographic and radiological findings. CAP did not affect the clinical course of CHF and echocardiographic parameters did not differ significantly between the groups. Clinical signs of both diseases improved after the treatment in majority of patients. Echocardiographic parameters also improved in both groups that indicates the improvement in cardiac dysfunction under the treatment. During the follow-up, the most prominent changes were seen in CRP level which was significantly higher at baseline in CAP patients compared to patients with other respiratory infections. CRP level decreased at Visit 2 in both groups and in Visit 3 in CAP group. CRP levels differed significantly between the groups both at Visits 1 and 2. Other biomarkers, such as PCT, IL-6, and BNP, were significantly higher at Visit 1 compares to Visit 2. TNF-α level did not change significantly neither in any group during the study nor between the groups at any study time. Conclusion. CAP did not affect the clinical course of CHF. Inflammatory biomarkers, such as CRP, PCT, and IL-6, could be used additionally to the routine diagnostic procedures to differentiate between CAP and other respiratory infections in patients with CHF. CRP is the most promising biomarker. Serum levels of the biomarkers decreased significantly under the standard hospital treatment of CAP and CHF; this could be considered to evaluate treatment success and prognosis.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сывороточные биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>внебольничная пневмония</kwd><kwd>хроническая сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>serum biomarkers</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>community-acquired pneumonia</kwd><kwd>chronic heart failure</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чучалин А.Г., Синопальников А.И., Козлов Р.С. и др. Внебольничная пневмония у взрослых: практические рекомендации по диагностике, лечению и профилактике (Пособие для врачей). Клиническая микробиология и антимикробная химиотерапия. 2010; 12 (3): 186–225. Доступно на:http://www.antibiotic.ru/cmac/pdf/cmac.2010.t12.n3.p186.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuchalin A.G., Sinopal'nikov A.I., Kozlov R.S. et al. [Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults: Guidelines on Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. A Handbook]. Klinicheskaja mikrobiologija i antimikrobnaja himioterapija. 2010; 12 (3): 186–225. Available at: http://www.antibiotic.ru/cmac/pdf/cmac.2010.t12.n3.p186.pdf (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee Y.J., Lee J, Park Y.S. et al. Predictors of cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic causes in cases with bilateral chest infiltrates. Tuberc. Respir. Dis. (Seoul). 2013; 74 (1): 15–22. DOI: 10.4046/trd.2013.74.1.15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee Y.J., Lee J, Park Y.S. et al. Predictors of cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic causes in cases with bilateral chest infiltrates. Tuberc. Respir. Dis. (Seoul). 2013; 74 (1): 15–22. DOI: 10.4046/trd.2013.74.1.15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown J.S. Biomarkers and community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2009; 64 (7): 556–558. DOI: 10.1136/thx.2008.110254.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown J.S. Biomarkers and community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax. 2009; 64 (7): 556–558. DOI: 10.1136/thx.2008.110254.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim J.H., Seo J.W., Mok J.H. et al. Usefulness of plasma procalcitonin to predict severity in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Tuberc. Respir. Dis. (Seoul). 2013; 74 (5): 207–214. DOI: 10.4046/trd.2013.74.5.207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim J.H., Seo J.W., Mok J.H. et al. Usefulness of plasma procalcitonin to predict severity in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Tuberc. Respir. Dis. (Seoul). 2013; 74 (5): 207–214. DOI: 10.4046/trd.2013.74.5.207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mueller T., Leitner I., Egger M. et al. Association of the biomarkers soluble ST2, galectin-3 and growth-differentiation factor-15 with heart failure and other non-cardiac diseases. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2015; 445: 155–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.033.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mueller T., Leitner I., Egger M. et al. Association of the biomarkers soluble ST2, galectin-3 and growth-differentiation factor-15 with heart failure and other non-cardiac diseases. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2015; 445: 155–160. DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.033.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calbo E., Alsina M., Rodríguez-Carballeira M. et al. The impact of time on the systemic inflammatory response in pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 35 (3): 614–618. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00052709.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calbo E., Alsina M., Rodríguez-Carballeira M. et al. The impact of time on the systemic inflammatory response in pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 35 (3): 614–618. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00052709.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Köktürk N., Kanbay A., Bukan N. et al. The value of serum procalcitonin in differential diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 2011; 17 (5): 519–525. DOI: 10.1177/1076029610375425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Köktürk N., Kanbay A., Bukan N. et al. The value of serum procalcitonin in differential diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and community-acquired pneumonia. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 2011; 17 (5): 519–525. DOI: 10.1177/1076029610375425.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мареев В.Ю., Агеев Ф.Т., Арутюнов Г.П. и др. Национальные рекомендации ОССН, РКО и РНМОТ по диагностике и лечению ХСН (четвертый пересмотр). Журнал сердечная недостаточность. 2013; 14 (7): 379–472.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mareev V.Ju., Ageev F.T., Arutjunov G.P.et al. [National Guidelines of Russian Society of Heart Failure Specialists, Russian Society of Cardiology, and Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine of Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure (4th Revised Edition).]. Zhurnal serdechnaja nedostatochnost'. 2013; 14 (7): 379–472 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Y., Zhou Y., Meng L. et al. Inflammatory mediators in Chinese patients with congestive heart failure. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009; 49 (5): 591–599. DOI: 10.1177/0091270009333265.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y., Zhou Y., Meng L. et al. Inflammatory mediators in Chinese patients with congestive heart failure. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009; 49 (5): 591–599. DOI: 10.1177/0091270009333265.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parab R, Vasudevan A., Brensilver J. et al. Utility of brain natriuritic peptide as a diagnostic tool for congestive heart failure in the elderly. Crit. Pathw. Cardiol. 2005; 4 (3): 140–144. DOI: 10.1097/01.hpc.0000174912.89563.ba.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parab R, Vasudevan A., Brensilver J. et al. Utility of brain natriuritic peptide as a diagnostic tool for congestive heart failure in the elderly. Crit. Pathw. Cardiol. 2005; 4 (3): 140–144. DOI: 10.1097/01.hpc.0000174912.89563.ba.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Базаева Е.В., Мясников Р.П., Метельская В.А., Бойцов С.А. Диагностическая значимость биологических маркеров при хронической сердечной недостаточности с сохраненной фракцией выброса левого желудочка. Журнал сердечная недостаточность. 2015; 16 (1): 43–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazaeva E.V., Mjasnikov R.P., Metel'skaja V.A., Bojcov S.A. [Diagnostic significance of biomarkers in patients with chronic heart failure with preserved left ventricle ejection fraction]. Zhurnal serdechnaja nedostatochnost'. 2015; 16 (1): 43–51 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moon J., Kang S.M., Cho I.J. et al. Clinical and echocardiographic findings of newly diagnosed acute decompensated heart failure in elderly patients. Yonsei Med. J. 2011; 52 (1): 33–38. DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.1.33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moon J., Kang S.M., Cho I.J. et al. Clinical and echocardiographic findings of newly diagnosed acute decompensated heart failure in elderly patients. Yonsei Med. J. 2011; 52 (1): 33–38. DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.1.33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kafkas N., Venetsanou K., Patsilinakos S. et al. Procalcitonin in acute myocardial infarction. Acute Card. Care. 2008; 10 (1): 30–36. DOI: 10.1080/17482940701534800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kafkas N., Venetsanou K., Patsilinakos S. et al. Procalcitonin in acute myocardial infarction. Acute Card. Care. 2008; 10 (1): 30–36. DOI: 10.1080/17482940701534800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stanciu A.E., Vatasescu R.G., Stanciu M.M. et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic heart failure is associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling effects. Clin. Biochem. 2013; 46 (3): 230–234. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stanciu A.E., Vatasescu R.G., Stanciu M.M. et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic heart failure is associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling effects. Clin. Biochem. 2013; 46 (3): 230–234. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peschel T., Schönauer M., Thiele H. et al. Invasive assessment of bacterial endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2003; 5 (5): 609–614. DOI: 10.1016/S1388-9842(03)00104-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peschel T., Schönauer M., Thiele H. et al. Invasive assessment of bacterial endotoxin and inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2003; 5 (5): 609–614. DOI: 10.1016/S1388-9842(03)00104-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maruyama T., Gabazza E.C., Morser J. et al. Community-acquired pneumonia and nursing home-acquired pneumonia in the very elderly patients. Respir. Med. 2010; 104 (4): 584–592. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.12.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maruyama T., Gabazza E.C., Morser J. et al. Community-acquired pneumonia and nursing home-acquired pneumonia in the very elderly patients. Respir. Med. 2010; 104 (4): 584–592. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.12.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsubara J., Sugiyama S., Nozaki T. et al. Pentraxin 3 is a new inflammatory marker correlated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011; 57 (7): 861–869. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsubara J., Sugiyama S., Nozaki T. et al. Pentraxin 3 is a new inflammatory marker correlated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011; 57 (7): 861–869. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin W.H., Chen J.W., Jen H.L. et al. Independent prognostic value of elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in chronic heart failure. Am. Heart. J. 2004; 147 (5): 931–938. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2003.11.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin W.H., Chen J.W., Jen H.L. et al. Independent prognostic value of elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in chronic heart failure. Am. Heart. J. 2004; 147 (5): 931–938. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2003.11.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horie M., Suzuki M., Noguchi S. et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of procalcitonin in community-acquired pneumonia. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2012; 343 (1): 30–35. DOI: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31821d33ef.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horie M., Suzuki M., Noguchi S. et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of procalcitonin in community-acquired pneumonia. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2012; 343 (1): 30–35. DOI: 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31821d33ef.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maisel A., Neath S.X., Landsberg J. et al. Use of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of pneumonia in patients presenting with a chief complaint of dyspnoea: results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2012; 14 (3): 278–286. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr177.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maisel A., Neath S.X., Landsberg J. et al. Use of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of pneumonia in patients presenting with a chief complaint of dyspnoea: results from the BACH (Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure) trial. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2012; 14 (3): 278–286. DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfr177.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller W.L., Hartman K.A., Hodge D.O. et al. Response of novel biomarkers to BNP infusion in patients with decompensated heart failure: a multimarker paradigm. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 2009; 2 (4): 526–535. DOI: 10.1007/s12265-009-9121-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller W.L., Hartman K.A., Hodge D.O. et al. Response of novel biomarkers to BNP infusion in patients with decompensated heart failure: a multimarker paradigm. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 2009; 2 (4): 526–535. DOI: 10.1007/s12265-009-9121-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Endeman H., Meijvis S.C.А., Rijkers G.T. et al. Systemic cytokine response in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 37 (6): 1431–1438. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00074410.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Endeman H., Meijvis S.C.А., Rijkers G.T. et al. Systemic cytokine response in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 37 (6): 1431–1438. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00074410.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kinugawa T., Kato M., Yamamoto K. et al. Proinflammatory cytokine activation is linked to apoptotic mediator, soluble Fas level in patients with chronic heart failure. Int. Heart J. 2012; 53 (3): 182–186. DOI: 10.1536/ihj.53.182.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kinugawa T., Kato M., Yamamoto K. et al. Proinflammatory cytokine activation is linked to apoptotic mediator, soluble Fas level in patients with chronic heart failure. Int. Heart J. 2012; 53 (3): 182–186. DOI: 10.1536/ihj.53.182.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sato Y., Takatsu Y., Kataoka K. et al. Serial circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-6 in patients with acute left heart decompensation. Clin. Cardiol. 1999; 22 (12): 811–813.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sato Y., Takatsu Y., Kataoka K. et al. Serial circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-6 in patients with acute left heart decompensation. Clin. Cardiol. 1999; 22 (12): 811–813.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bacci M.R., Leme R.C.Р., Zing N.P.С. et al. IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels are associated with early death in community-acquired pneumonia patients. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015; 48 (5): 427–432. DOI: 10.1590/1414-431X20144402.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bacci M.R., Leme R.C.Р., Zing N.P.С. et al. IL-6 and TNF-α serum levels are associated with early death in community-acquired pneumonia patients. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 2015; 48 (5): 427–432. DOI: 10.1590/1414-431X20144402.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puren A.J., Feldman C., Savage N. et al. Patterns of cytokine expression in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 1995; 107 (5): 1342–1349. DOI: 10.1378/chest.107.5.1342.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puren A.J., Feldman C., Savage N. et al. Patterns of cytokine expression in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest. 1995; 107 (5): 1342–1349. DOI: 10.1378/chest.107.5.1342.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fink A.M., Gonzalez R.C., Lisowski T. et al. Fatigue, inflammation, and projected mortality in heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 2012; 18 (9): 711–716. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.07.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fink A.M., Gonzalez R.C., Lisowski T. et al. Fatigue, inflammation, and projected mortality in heart failure. J. Card. Fail. 2012; 18 (9): 711–716. DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.07.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunlay S.M., Weston S.A., Redfield M.M. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α and mortality in heart failure: a community study. Circulation. 2008; 118 (6): 625–631. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.759191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunlay S.M., Weston S.A., Redfield M.M. et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α and mortality in heart failure: a community study. Circulation. 2008; 118 (6): 625–631. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.759191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">An J.D., Zhang Y.P., Zhou J.H. [Levels of serum brain natriuretic peptide in children with congestive heart failure or with severe pneumonia]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics. 2006; 8 (3): 201–204 (in Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">An J.D., Zhang Y.P., Zhou J.H. [Levels of serum brain natriuretic peptide in children with congestive heart failure or with severe pneumonia]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics. 2006; 8 (3): 201–204 (in Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porapakkham P., Porapakkham P., Zimmet H. B-type natriuretic peptide-guided heart failure therapy: A meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010; 170 (6): 507–514. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porapakkham P., Porapakkham P., Zimmet H. B-type natriuretic peptide-guided heart failure therapy: A meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 2010; 170 (6): 507–514. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
