<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-116</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL GUIDELINES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фармакотерапия стабильной хронической обструктивной болезни легких: клинические рекомендации Испанского общества пульмонологов и торакальных хирургов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pharmacotherapy of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: clinical guidelines of Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Редакционная</surname><given-names>статья</given-names></name></name-alternatives></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Редакционная с., 2012</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Редакционная с.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Редакционная с.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/116">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/116</self-uri><abstract><p>По материалам: M.Miravitlles, J.J.Soler&gt;Catalun~a, M.Calle et al. Spanish COPD Guidelines (GesEPOC): Pharmacological treatment of stable COPD. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2012; 48 (7): 247–257.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Based on: M.Miravitlles, J.J.Soler&gt;Catalun~a, M.Calle et al. Spanish COPD Guidelines (GesEPOC): Pharmacological treatment of stable COPD. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2012; 48 (7): 247–257.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd><kwd>рекомендации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd><kwd>guidelines</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chapman K.R., Mannino D.M., Soriano J.B. et al. Epi demiology and costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 27: 188–207.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chapman K.R., Mannino D.M., Soriano J.B. et al. Epi demiology and costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 27: 188–207.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miravitlles M., Calle M., Soler/Cataluña J.J. Clinical phe notypes of COPD. Identification, definition and implica tions for guidelines. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2012; 48: 86–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miravitlles M., Calle M., Soler/Cataluña J.J. Clinical phe notypes of COPD. Identification, definition and implica tions for guidelines. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2012; 48: 86–98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Estrategia en, EPOC., del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Plan de Calidad para el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Ministerio de Sanidad y Politica Social; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Estrategia en, EPOC., del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Plan de Calidad para el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Ministerio de Sanidad y Politica Social; 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grupo de trabajo GESEPOC. Haciaunnuevo enfoque en el tratamiento de la EPOC. La Guia Española de la EPOC (GESEPOC). Arch. Bronconeumol. 2011; 47: 379–381.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grupo de trabajo GESEPOC. Haciaunnuevo enfoque en el tratamiento de la EPOC. La Guia Española de la EPOC (GESEPOC). Arch. Bronconeumol. 2011; 47: 379–381.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peces/Barba G., Barberа J.A., Agusti A. et al. Guia Clinica SEPARALAT de diagnуstico y tratamiento de la EPOC. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2008; 44: 271–281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peces/Barba G., Barberа J.A., Agusti A. et al. Guia Clinica SEPARALAT de diagnуstico y tratamiento de la EPOC. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2008; 44: 271–281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grupo de trabajo de la guia de practica clinica sobre Atenciуn Integral al paciente con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crуnica (EPOC). Sociedad Española de Neumologia y Cir ugia Toracica (SEPAR) y Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia (semFYC). 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grupo de trabajo de la guia de practica clinica sobre Atenciуn Integral al paciente con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crуnica (EPOC). Sociedad Española de Neumologia y Cir ugia Toracica (SEPAR) y Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia (semFYC). 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstruc tive Lung Disease (GOLD); 2011 [accessed 13 March 2012]. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstruc tive Lung Disease (GOLD); 2011 [accessed 13 March 2012]. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han M.K., Agusti A., Calverley P.M. et al. Chronic obstruc tive pulmonary disease phenotypes. The future of COPD. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010; 182: 598–604.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han M.K., Agusti A., Calverley P.M. et al. Chronic obstruc tive pulmonary disease phenotypes. The future of COPD. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010; 182: 598–604.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pistolesi M., Bigazzi F., Cestelli L. et al. Phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hot Top Respir. Med. 2010; 5: 7–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pistolesi M., Bigazzi F., Cestelli L. et al. Phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hot Top Respir. Med. 2010; 5: 7–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopez/Campos J.L. Estrategias de tratamiento en la enfer medad pulmonar obstructiva crуnica: una propuesta de sis tematizaciуn. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2010; 46: 617–620.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopez/Campos J.L. Estrategias de tratamiento en la enfer medad pulmonar obstructiva crуnica: una propuesta de sis tematizaciуn. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2010; 46: 617–620.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson D., MacNee W. Targeted treatment in COPD: amultisystem approach for a multisystem disease. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2009; 4: 321–335.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson D., MacNee W. Targeted treatment in COPD: amultisystem approach for a multisystem disease. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2009; 4: 321–335.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miravitlles M. Tratamiento individualizado de la EPOC: una propuesta de cambio. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2009; 45 (5, Suppl.): 27–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miravitlles M. Tratamiento individualizado de la EPOC: una propuesta de cambio. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2009; 45 (5, Suppl.): 27–34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurst J.R., Vestbo J., Anzueto A. et al. Susceptibility to exac erbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363: 1128–1138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurst J.R., Vestbo J., Anzueto A. et al. Susceptibility to exac erbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363: 1128–1138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soler Cataluña J.J., Martinez Garcia M.A., Catalan Serra P. The frequent exacerbator. A new phenotype in COPD? Hot Top Respir. Med. 2011; 6: 7–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soler Cataluña J.J., Martinez Garcia M.A., Catalan Serra P. The frequent exacerbator. A new phenotype in COPD? Hot Top Respir. Med. 2011; 6: 7–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quint J.K., Donaldson G.C., Hurst J.R. et al. Predictive accuracy of patientreported exacerbation frequency in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 37: 501–507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quint J.K., Donaldson G.C., Hurst J.R. et al. Predictive accuracy of patientreported exacerbation frequency in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 37: 501–507.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gibson P.G., Simpson J.L. The overlap syndrome of asthma and COPD: what are its features and how important is it? Thorax 2009; 64: 728–735.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gibson P.G., Simpson J.L. The overlap syndrome of asthma and COPD: what are its features and how important is it? Thorax 2009; 64: 728–735.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miravitlles M. The overlap syndrome between asthma and COPD: implications for management. Hot Top Respir. Med. 2011; 6: 15–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miravitlles M. The overlap syndrome between asthma and COPD: implications for management. Hot Top Respir. Med. 2011; 6: 15–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O'Donnell D.E., Aaron S., Bourbeau J. et al. Canadian Thoracic Society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – 2007 update. Can. Respir. J. 2007; 14 (Suppl. B): 5B–32B.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O'Donnell D.E., Aaron S., Bourbeau J. et al. Canadian Thoracic Society recommendations for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – 2007 update. Can. Respir. J. 2007; 14 (Suppl. B): 5B–32B.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COPD / Nagai A., Aizawa H., Aoshiba K. et al. 3rd ed. Tokyo: The Japanese Respiratory Society, Medical Review Co. Ltd.; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COPD / Nagai A., Aizawa H., Aoshiba K. et al. 3rd ed. Tokyo: The Japanese Respiratory Society, Medical Review Co. Ltd.; 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soler/Cataluña J.J., Cosio B., Izquierdo J.L. et al. Documento de consenso sobre el fenotipo mixto EPOCasma en la EPOC. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2011.12.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soler/Cataluña J.J., Cosio B., Izquierdo J.L. et al. Documento de consenso sobre el fenotipo mixto EPOCasma en la EPOC. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2011.12.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han M.K., Kazerooni E.A., Lynch D.A. et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in the COPDGene study: associated radiologic phenotypes. Radiology 2011; 261: 274–282.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han M.K., Kazerooni E.A., Lynch D.A. et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in the COPDGene study: associated radiologic phenotypes. Radiology 2011; 261: 274–282.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishimura M., Makita H., Nagai K. et al. Annual change in pulmonary function and clinical phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2012; 185: 44–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishimura M., Makita H., Nagai K. et al. Annual change in pulmonary function and clinical phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2012; 185: 44–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Thoracic Society. Chronic bronchitis, asthma, and pulmonary emphysema, a statement by the Committee on Diagnostic Standards for Nontuberculous Respiratory Diseases. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1962; 85: 762–768.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Thoracic Society. Chronic bronchitis, asthma, and pulmonary emphysema, a statement by the Committee on Diagnostic Standards for Nontuberculous Respiratory Diseases. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1962; 85: 762–768.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prescott E., Lange P., Vestbo J. Chronic mucus hypersecre tion in COPD and death from pulmonary infection. Eur. Respir. J. 1995; 8: 1333–1338.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prescott E., Lange P., Vestbo J. Chronic mucus hypersecre tion in COPD and death from pulmonary infection. Eur. Respir. J. 1995; 8: 1333–1338.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miravitlles M. Cough and sputum production as risk factors for poor outcomes in patients with COPD. Respir. Med. 2011; 105: 1118–1128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miravitlles M. Cough and sputum production as risk factors for poor outcomes in patients with COPD. Respir. Med. 2011; 105: 1118–1128.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Montes de Oca M., Halbert R.J., Lуpez M.V. et al. Chronic bronchitis phenotype in subjects with and without COPD: the PLATINO study. Eur. Respir. J. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00141611</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Montes de Oca M., Halbert R.J., Lуpez M.V. et al. Chronic bronchitis phenotype in subjects with and without COPD: the PLATINO study. Eur. Respir. J. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00141611</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim V., Han M.K., Vance G.B. et al. The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD. An analysis of the COPDGene study. Chest 2011; 140: 626–633.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim V., Han M.K., Vance G.B. et al. The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD. An analysis of the COPDGene study. Chest 2011; 140: 626–633.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel I.S., Vlahos I., Wilkinson T.M.A. et al. Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstruct tive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 70: 400–407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel I.S., Vlahos I., Wilkinson T.M.A. et al. Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstruct tive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004; 70: 400–407.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez/Garcia M.A., Soler/Cataluña J.J., Donat Y. et al. Factors associated with bronchiectasis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Chest 2011; 140: 1130–1137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez/Garcia M.A., Soler/Cataluña J.J., Donat Y. et al. Factors associated with bronchiectasis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Chest 2011; 140: 1130–1137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Celli B.R., Cote C.G., Marin J.M. et al. The bodymass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 350: 1005–1012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Celli B.R., Cote C.G., Marin J.M. et al. The bodymass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 350: 1005–1012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soler/Cataluña J.J., Martinez/Garcнa M.A., Sánchez L. et al. Severe exacerbations and BODE index: two independent risk factors for death in male COPD patients. Respir. Med. 2009; 103: 692–699.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soler/Cataluña J.J., Martinez/Garcнa M.A., Sánchez L. et al. Severe exacerbations and BODE index: two independent risk factors for death in male COPD patients. Respir. Med. 2009; 103: 692–699.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bestall J.C., Paul E.A., Garrod R. et al. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as amea sure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pul monary disease. Thorax 1999; 54: 581–586.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bestall J.C., Paul E.A., Garrod R. et al. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as amea sure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pul monary disease. Thorax 1999; 54: 581–586.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishimura K., Izumi T., Tsukino M., Oga T. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 1434–1440.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishimura K., Izumi T., Tsukino M., Oga T. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 1434–1440.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esteban C., Quintana J.M., Aburto M. et al. Impact of changes in physical activity on healthrelated quality of life among patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 36: 292–300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esteban C., Quintana J.M., Aburto M. et al. Impact of changes in physical activity on healthrelated quality of life among patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 36: 292–300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcia/Aymerich J., Lange P., Benet M. et al. Regular phys ical activity modifies smokingrelated lung function decline and reduces risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175: 458–463.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia/Aymerich J., Lange P., Benet M. et al. Regular phys ical activity modifies smokingrelated lung function decline and reduces risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175: 458–463.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watz H., Waschki B., Meyer T., Magnussen H. Physical activ ity in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 33: 262–272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watz H., Waschki B., Meyer T., Magnussen H. Physical activ ity in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 33: 262–272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garcнa/Aymerich J., Serra Pons I., Mannino D.M. et al. Lung function impairment. COPD hospitalisations and subsequent mortality. Thorax 2011; 66: 585–590.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcнa/Aymerich J., Serra Pons I., Mannino D.M. et al. Lung function impairment. COPD hospitalisations and subsequent mortality. Thorax 2011; 66: 585–590.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones P.W., Harding G., Berry P. et al. Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 34: 648–654.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones P.W., Harding G., Berry P. et al. Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 34: 648–654.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones P.W., Brusselle G., Dal Negro R.W. et al. Properties of the COPD Assessment Test in a crosssectional European study. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 38: 29–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones P.W., Brusselle G., Dal Negro R.W. et al. Properties of the COPD Assessment Test in a crosssectional European study. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 38: 29–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Postma D., Anzueto A., Calverley P. et al. A new perspective on optimal care for patients with COPD. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2011; 20: 205–209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Postma D., Anzueto A., Calverley P. et al. A new perspective on optimal care for patients with COPD. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2011; 20: 205–209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appleton S., Jones T., Poole P. et al. Ipratropium bromide versus short acting beta2agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006; 2:CD001387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appleton S., Jones T., Poole P. et al. Ipratropium bromide versus short acting beta2agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006; 2:CD001387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stockley R.A., Whitehead P.J., Williams M.K. Improved out comes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease treated with salmeterol compared with placebo / usual therapy: results of a metaanalysis. Respir. Res. 2006; 7: 147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stockley R.A., Whitehead P.J., Williams M.K. Improved out comes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease treated with salmeterol compared with placebo / usual therapy: results of a metaanalysis. Respir. Res. 2006; 7: 147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aalbers R., Ayres J., Backer V. et al. Formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, controlled, 3month trial. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 936–943.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aalbers R., Ayres J., Backer V. et al. Formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, controlled, 3month trial. Eur. Respir. J. 2002; 19: 936–943.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tashkin D.P., Celli B., Senn S. et al. A 4year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 359: 1543–1554.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tashkin D.P., Celli B., Senn S. et al. A 4year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 359: 1543–1554.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beier J., Beeh K.M. Longacting βadrenoceptor agonists in the management of COPD: focus on indacaterol. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulm. Dis. 2011; 6: 237–243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beier J., Beeh K.M. Longacting βadrenoceptor agonists in the management of COPD: focus on indacaterol. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulm. Dis. 2011; 6: 237–243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brusasco V., Hodder R., Miravitlles M. et al. Health out comes following six months treatment with once daily tiotropium compared to twice daily salmeterol in patients with COPD. Thorax 2003; 58: 399–404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brusasco V., Hodder R., Miravitlles M. et al. Health out comes following six months treatment with once daily tiotropium compared to twice daily salmeterol in patients with COPD. Thorax 2003; 58: 399–404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puhan M.A., Bachmann L.M., Kleijnen J. et al. Inhaled drugs to reduce exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network metaanalysis. BMC Med. 2009; 7: 2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puhan M.A., Bachmann L.M., Kleijnen J. et al. Inhaled drugs to reduce exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network metaanalysis. BMC Med. 2009; 7: 2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilt T.J., Niewoehner D., MacDonald R., Kane R.L. Management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review for a clinical practice guideline. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007; 147: 639–653.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilt T.J., Niewoehner D., MacDonald R., Kane R.L. Management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review for a clinical practice guideline. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007; 147: 639–653.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogelmeier C., Hederer B., Glaab T. et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364: 1093–1103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogelmeier C., Hederer B., Glaab T. et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364: 1093–1103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Noord J.A., Aumann J./L., Janssens E. et al. Comparison of tiotropium once daily, formoterol twice daily and both combined once daily in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 26: 214–222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Noord J.A., Aumann J./L., Janssens E. et al. Comparison of tiotropium once daily, formoterol twice daily and both combined once daily in patients with COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 26: 214–222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Noord J.A., Buhl R., LaForce C. et al. QVA149 demon strates superior bronchodilation compared with indacaterol or placebo in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2010; 65: 1086–1091.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Noord J.A., Buhl R., LaForce C. et al. QVA149 demon strates superior bronchodilation compared with indacaterol or placebo in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2010; 65: 1086–1091.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou Y., Wang X., Zeng X. et al. Positive benefits of theo phylline in a randomized, doubleblind, parallelgroup, placebocontrolled study of lowdose, slowrelease theo phylline in the treatment ofCOPDfor 1 year. Respirology 2006; 11: 603–610.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou Y., Wang X., Zeng X. et al. Positive benefits of theo phylline in a randomized, doubleblind, parallelgroup, placebocontrolled study of lowdose, slowrelease theo phylline in the treatment ofCOPDfor 1 year. Respirology 2006; 11: 603–610.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ram F.S.F., Jardim J.R., Atallah A. et al. Efficacy of theo phylline in people with stable chronic obstructive pul monary disease: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Respir. Med. 2005; 99: 135–144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ram F.S.F., Jardim J.R., Atallah A. et al. Efficacy of theo phylline in people with stable chronic obstructive pul monary disease: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Respir. Med. 2005; 99: 135–144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Thoracic Society. European Respiratory Society Statement: standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha1antitrypsin deficiency. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 168: 818–900.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Thoracic Society. European Respiratory Society Statement: standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha1antitrypsin deficiency. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2003; 168: 818–900.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vidal R., Blanco I., Casas F. et al. Guidelines for the diag nosis and management of alpha1antitrypsin deficiency. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2006; 42: 645–659.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vidal R., Blanco I., Casas F. et al. Guidelines for the diag nosis and management of alpha1antitrypsin deficiency. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2006; 42: 645–659.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardin M., Silverman E.K., Barr R.G. et al. The clinical fea tures of overlap between COPD and asthma. Respir. Res. 2011; 12: 127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardin M., Silverman E.K., Barr R.G. et al. The clinical fea tures of overlap between COPD and asthma. Respir. Res. 2011; 12: 127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papi A., Romagnoli M., Baraldo S. et al. Partial reversibility of airflow limitation and increased exhaled NO and sputum eosinophilia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 162: 1773–1777.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papi A., Romagnoli M., Baraldo S. et al. Partial reversibility of airflow limitation and increased exhaled NO and sputum eosinophilia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000; 162: 1773–1777.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siva R., Green R.H., Brightling C.E. et al. Eosinophilic air way inflammation and exacerbations of COPD: a random ized controlled trial. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 29: 906–913.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siva R., Green R.H., Brightling C.E. et al. Eosinophilic air way inflammation and exacerbations of COPD: a random ized controlled trial. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 29: 906–913.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miravitlles M. Arguments in favor of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD by phenotype instead of by severity. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2011; 47: 271–273.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miravitlles M. Arguments in favor of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD by phenotype instead of by severity. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2011; 47: 271–273.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Welte T., Miravitlles M., Hernandez P. et al. Efficacy and tol erability of budesonide / formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 180: 741–750.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Welte T., Miravitlles M., Hernandez P. et al. Efficacy and tol erability of budesonide / formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 180: 741–750.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peters S.P., Kunselman S.J., Nikolina Icitovic M.A. et al. Tiotropium bromide stepup therapy for adults with uncon trolled asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363: 1715–1726.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peters S.P., Kunselman S.J., Nikolina Icitovic M.A. et al. Tiotropium bromide stepup therapy for adults with uncon trolled asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363: 1715–1726.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calverley P.M.A., Anderson J.A., Celli B. et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356: 775–778.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calverley P.M.A., Anderson J.A., Celli B. et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356: 775–778.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kardos P., Wencker M., Glaab T., Vogelmeier C. Impact of salmeterol / fluticasone propionate versus salmeterol on exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175: 144–149.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kardos P., Wencker M., Glaab T., Vogelmeier C. Impact of salmeterol / fluticasone propionate versus salmeterol on exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary dis ease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 175: 144–149.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nannini L.J., Cates C.J., Lasserson T.J., Poole P. Combined corticosteroid and longacting betaagonist in one inhaler versus longacting betaagonists for chronic obstructive pul monary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007; 4: CD006829.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nannini L.J., Cates C.J., Lasserson T.J., Poole P. Combined corticosteroid and longacting betaagonist in one inhaler versus longacting betaagonists for chronic obstructive pul monary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007; 4: CD006829.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aaron S.D., Vandemheen K.L., Fergusson D. et al. Tio tropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluti casonesalmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pul monary disease: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007; 146: 545–555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aaron S.D., Vandemheen K.L., Fergusson D. et al. Tio tropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluti casonesalmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pul monary disease: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2007; 146: 545–555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calverley P.M.A., Sanchez/Toril F., McIvor A. et al. Effect of 1year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstruct tive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 176: 154–161.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calverley P.M.A., Sanchez/Toril F., McIvor A. et al. Effect of 1year treatment with roflumilast in severe chronic obstruct tive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 176: 154–161.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rennard S.I., Calverley P.M.A., Goehring U.M. et al. Reduction of exacerbations by the PDE4 inhibitor roflumi last – the importance of defining different subsets of patients with COPD. Respir. Res. 2011; 12: 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rennard S.I., Calverley P.M.A., Goehring U.M. et al. Reduction of exacerbations by the PDE4 inhibitor roflumi last – the importance of defining different subsets of patients with COPD. Respir. Res. 2011; 12: 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fabbri L.M., Calverley P.M.A., Izquierdo/Alonso J.L. et al. Roflumilast in moderatetosevere chronic obstructive pul monary disease treated with long acting bronchodilators: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374: 695–703.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fabbri L.M., Calverley P.M.A., Izquierdo/Alonso J.L. et al. Roflumilast in moderatetosevere chronic obstructive pul monary disease treated with long acting bronchodilators: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374: 695–703.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bateman E.D., Rabe K.F., Calverley P.M. et al. Roflumilast with longacting b2agonists for COPD: influence of exac erbation history. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 38: 553–560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bateman E.D., Rabe K.F., Calverley P.M. et al. Roflumilast with longacting b2agonists for COPD: influence of exac erbation history. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 38: 553–560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grandjean E.M., Berthet P., Ruffmann R., Leuenberger P. Efficacy of oral longterm Nacetylcysteine in chronic bronchopulmonary disease: a metaanalysis of published doubleblind, placebocontrolled clinical trials. Clin. Ther. 2000; 22: 209–221.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grandjean E.M., Berthet P., Ruffmann R., Leuenberger P. Efficacy of oral longterm Nacetylcysteine in chronic bronchopulmonary disease: a metaanalysis of published doubleblind, placebocontrolled clinical trials. Clin. Ther. 2000; 22: 209–221.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poole P.J., Black P.N. Mucolytic agents for chronic bron chitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006; 3: CD001287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poole P.J., Black P.N. Mucolytic agents for chronic bron chitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006; 3: CD001287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng J.P., Kang J., Huang S.G. Effect of carbocisteine on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PEACE Study): a randomized placebocontrolled study. Lancet 2008; 371: 2013–2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng J.P., Kang J., Huang S.G. Effect of carbocisteine on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PEACE Study): a randomized placebocontrolled study. Lancet 2008; 371: 2013–2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Decramer M., Rutten/van M.M., Dekhuijzen P.N. et al. Effects of Nacetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstruc tive pulmonary disease (Bronchitis Randomized on NAC CostUtility Study. BRONCUS): a randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 1552–1560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decramer M., Rutten/van M.M., Dekhuijzen P.N. et al. Effects of Nacetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstruc tive pulmonary disease (Bronchitis Randomized on NAC CostUtility Study. BRONCUS): a randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 1552–1560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Staykova T., Black P.N., Chacko E.E., Poole P. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic bronchitis. Coch. Rev. Published online: 21 Jan. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004105</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Staykova T., Black P.N., Chacko E.E., Poole P. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic bronchitis. Coch. Rev. Published online: 21 Jan. 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004105</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sevilla/Sanchez D., Soy/Muner D., Soler/Porcar N. Utilidad de los macrуlidos como antiinflamatorios en las enfer medades respiratorias. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2010; 46: 244–254.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sevilla/Sanchez D., Soy/Muner D., Soler/Porcar N. Utilidad de los macrуlidos como antiinflamatorios en las enfer medades respiratorias. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2010; 46: 244–254.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pomares X., Montуn C., Espasa M. et al. Longtermazithro mycin therapy in patients with severe COPD and repeated exacerbations. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Respir. Dis. 2011; 6: 449–456.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pomares X., Montуn C., Espasa M. et al. Longtermazithro mycin therapy in patients with severe COPD and repeated exacerbations. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Respir. Dis. 2011; 6: 449–456.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seemungal T.A.R., Wilkinson T.M.A., Hurst J.R. et al. Long term erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exa cerbations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 178: 1139–1147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seemungal T.A.R., Wilkinson T.M.A., Hurst J.R. et al. Long term erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exa cerbations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 178: 1139–1147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albert R.K., Connett J., Biley W.C. et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365: 689–698.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albert R.K., Connett J., Biley W.C. et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365: 689–698.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miravitlles M., Marin A., Monsу E. et al. Efficacy of moxi floxacin in the treatment of bronchial colonization in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 34: 1066–1071.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miravitlles M., Marin A., Monsу E. et al. Efficacy of moxi floxacin in the treatment of bronchial colonization in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2009; 34: 1066–1071.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sethi S., Jones P.W., Theron M.S. et al. Pulsed moxifloxacin for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Respir. Res. 2010; 11: 10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sethi S., Jones P.W., Theron M.S. et al. Pulsed moxifloxacin for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Respir. Res. 2010; 11: 10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vendrell M., de Gracia J., Olveira C. et al. Diagnуstico y tratamiento de las bronquiectasias. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2008; 44: 629–640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vendrell M., de Gracia J., Olveira C. et al. Diagnуstico y tratamiento de las bronquiectasias. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2008; 44: 629–640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams S.G., Anzueto A., Briggs Jr. D.D. et al. Evaluation of withdrawal of maintenance tiotropium in COPD. Respir. Med. 2009; 103: 1415–1420.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams S.G., Anzueto A., Briggs Jr. D.D. et al. Evaluation of withdrawal of maintenance tiotropium in COPD. Respir. Med. 2009; 103: 1415–1420.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Valk P., Monninkhof E., van del Palen J. et al. Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The COPE study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 1358–1363.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Valk P., Monninkhof E., van del Palen J. et al. Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The COPE study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002; 166: 1358–1363.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nighat J., Nadeem N.J., Taylor S., Eldridge S.M. Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in individuals with COPD – a sys tematic review and comment on trial methodology. Respir. Res. 2011; 12: 107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nighat J., Nadeem N.J., Taylor S., Eldridge S.M. Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in individuals with COPD – a sys tematic review and comment on trial methodology. Respir. Res. 2011; 12: 107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schermer T.R.J., Hendriks A.J.C., Chavannes N.H. et al. Probability and determinants of relapse after discontinua tion of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD treat ed in general practice. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2004; 13: 48–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schermer T.R.J., Hendriks A.J.C., Chavannes N.H. et al. Probability and determinants of relapse after discontinua tion of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD treat ed in general practice. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2004; 13: 48–55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liesker J.J.W., Bathoorn E., Postma D.S. et al. Sputum inflammation predicts exacerbations after cessation of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD. Respir. Med. 2011; 105: 1853–1860.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liesker J.J.W., Bathoorn E., Postma D.S. et al. Sputum inflammation predicts exacerbations after cessation of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD. Respir. Med. 2011; 105: 1853–1860.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
