<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18093/0869-0189-2018-28-4-469-482</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-1034</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Обострение идиопатического легочного фиброза</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м. н., член-корр. Российской академии наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства  здравоохранения Российской Федерации, руководитель  клинического отдела Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Научно- исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального  медико-биологического агентства</p><p>тел.: (495) 395-63-93</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p><p>115682, Москва, Ореховый бульвар, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of Department of Pulmonology, I.M.Sechenov Federal First Moscow State  Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia (Sechenov  University); Deputy Director for Science, Federal  Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and  Biological Agency of Russia; Chief Pulmonologist, Healthcare  Ministry of Russia</p><p>tel.: (495) 395-63-93</p><p>ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia</p><p>Orekhovyy bul'var 28, Moscow, 115682, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg_avdeev@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации&#13;
&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M.Sechenov Federal First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Healthcare Ministry of Russia&#13;
&#13;
Federal Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>469</fpage><lpage>482</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Авдеев С.Н., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/1034">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/1034</self-uri><abstract><p>Обострение идиопатического легочного фиброза (ИЛФ) определяется как острое, клинически значимое респираторное ухудшение, обычно развивающееся в сроки &lt; 1 мес.,  характеризующееся при проведении компьютерной томографии высокого разрешения  новыми изменениями, такими как диффузные двусторонние изменения по типу матового  стекла и / или консолидаты, а также отсутствием других явных клинических причин  ухудшения – перегрузка объемом, сердечная недостаточность, тромбоэмболия легочной  артерии и т. п. Обострения ИЛФ подразделяются на «вызванные», т. е. имеющие причины  (например, инфекции, хирургические операции, лекарственная токсичность и др.), и  идиопатические обострения – случаи, где причину установить не удается. По результатам  рандомизированных исследований 1-годичная заболеваемость обострением ИЛФ составляет около 8 %, а по результатам ретроспективных исследований – 19 %. Важным фактором  риска развития обострений ИЛФ являются тяжелые формы ИЛФ. Внутригоспитальная  летальность при обострении ИЛФ составляет &gt; 50 %, а средняя выживаемость больных  после обострения ИЛФ – 1–4 мес. В настоящее время методы терапии, эффективность  которых была бы доказана при обострении ИЛФ, отсутствуют. В реальной клинической  практике пациентам с обострением ИЛФ чаще всего назначаются глюкокортикостероиды в  высоких дозах и антибактериальные препараты. Риск развития обострений уменьшается  при назначении антифибротической терапии, а при терапии нинтеданибом число  подтвержденных / подозреваемых обострений ИЛФ снижается на 68 %. Отмечается  необходимость дальнейшего изучения потенциальных методов профилактики и терапии обострений ИЛФ в клинических исследованиях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) is defined as an acute clinically significant respiratory deterioration characterized by evidence of new,  widespread alveolar abnormalities, such as diffuse bilateral ground-glass  opacification and/or consolidation, and the absence of other obvious clinical causes  like fluid overload, left heart failure, or pulmonary embolism, etc. AE-IPF is  subcategorized as “triggered” (where specific causes are identified, for example,  infections, surgery procedures, drug toxicity, etc.) or “idiopathic” (where no specific causes are identified). In randomized trials, the annual incidence of AE-IPF is about 8%, in retrospective studies it reaches 19%. Severe forms of IPF are an important  risk factor for the development of AE-IPF. In-hospital mortality from AE-IPF is more  than 50%, and the average survival of patients with AE-IPF is 1–4 months.  Currently, there remain no proven, effective therapies for AE-IPF. In real clinical  practice patients with AE-IPF still receive high doses of systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics. Antifibrotic therapy can reduce the risk of exacerbations; it has been  shown that therapy with nintedanib leads to a reduction in the number of  confirmed/suspected AE-IPF by 68%. It is necessary to further study the potential  methods of prevention and therapy of AE-IPF in future clinical trials.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>идиопатический легочный фиброз</kwd><kwd>обострение</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd><kwd>антифибротическая терапия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</kwd><kwd>exacerbation</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd><kwd>antifibrotic therapy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raghu G., Collard H.R., Egan J.J. et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 183 (6): 788–824. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2009-040GL.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raghu G., Collard H.R., Egan J.J. et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 183 (6): 788–824. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2009-040GL.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чучалин А.Г., Авдеев С.Н., Айсанов З.Р. и др. Диагностика и лечение идиопатического легочного фиброза. Федеральные клинические рекомендации. Пульмонология. 2016; 26 (4): 399–419. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2016-26-4-399-419.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuchalin A.G., Avdeev S.N., Aisanov Z.R. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Federal guidelines. Pul’monologiya. 2016; 26 (4):399–419. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2016-26-4-399-419 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С. Н. Идиопатический легочный фиброз: новая парадигма. Терапевтический архив. 2017; 89 (1): 112–122. DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2017891112-122.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N. Idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis: A new paradigm. Terapevticheskij arkhiv. 2017; 89 (1): 112–122. DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2017891112-122 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bjoraker J.A., Ryu J.H., Edwin M.K. et al. Prognostic significance of histopathologic subsets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 157 (1): 199–203. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9704130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bjoraker J.A., Ryu J.H., Edwin M.K. et al. Prognostic significance of histopathologic subsets in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998; 157 (1): 199–203. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9704130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ley B., Ryerson C.J., Vittinghoff E. et al. A multidimensional index and staging system for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2012; 156 (10): 684–691. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ley B., Ryerson C.J., Vittinghoff E. et al. A multidimensional index and staging system for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2012; 156 (10): 684–691. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez F.J., Safrin S., Weycker D. et al. The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005; 142 (12, Pt 1): 963–967.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez F.J., Safrin S., Weycker D. et al. The clinical course of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005; 142 (12, Pt 1): 963–967.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King T.E. Jr, Albera C., Bradford W.Z. et al. All-cause mortality rate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Implications for the design and execution of clinical trials. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2014; 189 (7): 825–831. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-1951OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King T.E. Jr, Albera C., Bradford W.Z. et al. All-cause mortality rate in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Implications for the design and execution of clinical trials. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2014; 189 (7): 825–831. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-1951OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kondoh Y., Taniguchi H., Kawabata Y. et al. Acute exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis of clinical and pathological findings in three cases. Chest. 1993; 103 (6): 1808–1812. DOI: 10.1378/chest.103.6.1808.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondoh Y., Taniguchi H., Kawabata Y. et al. Acute exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis of clinical and pathological findings in three cases. Chest. 1993; 103 (6): 1808–1812. DOI: 10.1378/chest.103.6.1808.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С.Н., Черняев А.Л., Самсонова М.В., Мержоева З.М. Обострение идиопатического легочного фиброза. Пульмонология. 2006; (4): 123–127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N., Chernyaev A.L., Samsonova M.V., Merzhoeva Z.M. An acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pul’monologiya. 2006; (4): 123–127 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ambrosini V., Cancellieri A., Chilosi M. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: report of a series. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 22 (5): 821–826. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00022703.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ambrosini V., Cancellieri A., Chilosi M. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: report of a series. Eur. Respir. J. 2003; 22 (5): 821–826. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.03.00022703.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collard H.R., Moore B.B., Flaherty K.R. et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 176 (7): 636–643. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200703-463PP.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collard H.R., Moore B.B., Flaherty K.R. et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007; 176 (7): 636–643. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200703-463PP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leuschner G., Behr J. Acute exacerbation in interstitial lung disease. Front. Med. 2017; 4. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leuschner G., Behr J. Acute exacerbation in interstitial lung disease. Front. Med. 2017; 4. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collard H.R., Ryerson C.J., Corte T.J. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An international working group report. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 194 (3): 265–275. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0801CI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collard H.R., Ryerson C.J., Corte T.J. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An international working group report. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 194 (3): 265–275. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0801CI.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim D.S., Park J.H., Park B.K. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: frequency and clinical features. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 27 (1): 143–150. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00114004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim D.S., Park J.H., Park B.K. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: frequency and clinical features. Eur. Respir. J. 2006; 27 (1):143–150. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.06.00114004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song J.W., Hong S.B., Lim C.M. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 37 (2): 356–363. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00159709.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song J.W., Hong S.B., Lim C.M. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Eur. Respir. J. 2011; 37 (2): 356–363. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00159709.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akira M., Hamada H., Sakatani M. et al. CT findings during phase of accelerated deterioration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1997; 168 (1): 79–83. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.168.1.8976924.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akira M., Hamada H., Sakatani M. et al. CT findings during phase of accelerated deterioration in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1997; 168 (1): 79–83. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.168.1.8976924.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kishaba T., Tamaki H., Shimaoka Y. et al. Staging of acute exacerbation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung. 2014; 192 (1): 141–149. DOI: 10.1007/s00408-013-9530-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kishaba T., Tamaki H., Shimaoka Y. et al. Staging of acute exacerbation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lung. 2014; 192 (1): 141–149. DOI: 10.1007/s00408-013-9530-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akira M., Kozuka T., Yamamoto S., Sakatani M. Computed tomography findings in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 178 (4): 372–378. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200709-1365OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akira M., Kozuka T., Yamamoto S., Sakatani M. Computed tomography findings in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 178 (4): 372–378. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200709-1365OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujimoto K., Taniguchi H., Johkoh T. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: high-resolution CT scores predict mortality. Eur. Radiol. 2012; 22 (1): 83–92. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-011-2211-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujimoto K., Taniguchi H., Johkoh T. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: high-resolution CT scores predict mortality. Eur. Radiol. 2012; 22 (1): 83–92. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-011-2211-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Usui Y., Kaga A., Sakai F. et al. A cohort study of mortality predictors in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia. Br. Med. J. Open. 2013; 3 (7): pii: e002971. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002971.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Usui Y., Kaga A., Sakai F. et al. A cohort study of mortality predictors in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia. Br. Med. J. Open. 2013; 3 (7): pii: e002971. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002971.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parambil J.G., Myers J.L., Ryu J.H. Histopathologic features and outcome of patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis under-going surgical lung biopsy. Chest. 2005; 128: 3310–3315. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002971.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parambil J.G., Myers J.L., Ryu J.H. Histopathologic features and outcome of patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis under-going surgical lung biopsy. Chest. 2005; 128: 3310–3315. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002971.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черняев А.Л., Самсонова М.В. Диффузное альвеолярное повреждение: этиология, патогенез и патологическая анатомия. Пульмонология. 2005; (4): 65–69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernyaev A.L., Samsonova M.V. Diffuse alveolar damage of the lung: etiology, pathogenesis and pathology. Pul’monologiya. 2005; (4): 65–69 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Churg A., Muller N.L., Silva C.I., Wright J.L. Acute exacerbation (acute lung injury of unknown cause) in UIP and other forms of fibrotic interstitial pneumonias. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2007; 31 (2): 277–284. DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000213341.70852.9d.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Churg A., Muller N.L., Silva C.I., Wright J.L. Acute exacerbation (acute lung injury of unknown cause) in UIP and other forms of fibrotic interstitial pneumonias. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2007; 31 (2): 277–284. DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000213341.70852.9d.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dallari R., Foglia M., Paci M., Cavazza A. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 23 (5): 792. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.04.00004404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dallari R., Foglia M., Paci M., Cavazza A. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2004; 23 (5): 792. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.04.00004404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collard H.R., Calfee C.S., Wolters P.J. et al. Plasma biomarker profiles in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2010; 299 (1): L3–7. DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90637.2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collard H.R., Calfee C.S., Wolters P.J. et al. Plasma biomarker profiles in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2010; 299 (1): L3–7. DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90637.2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohshimo S., Ishikawa N., Horimasu Y. et al. Baseline KL-6 predicts increased risk for acute exacerbation of idio-pathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (7): 1031–1039. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.04.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohshimo S., Ishikawa N., Horimasu Y. et al. Baseline KL-6 predicts increased risk for acute exacerbation of idio-pathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (7): 1031–1039. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.04.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kishaba T., Shimaoka Y., Fukuyama H. et al. A cohort study of mortality predictors and characteristics of patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Br. Med. J. Open. 2012; 2 (3): e000988. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kishaba T., Shimaoka Y., Fukuyama H. et al. A cohort study of mortality predictors and characteristics of patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. Br. Med. J. Open. 2012; 2 (3): e000988. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000988.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arcadu A., Moua T. Bronchoscopy assessment of acute respiratory failure in interstitial lung disease. Respirology. 2017; 22 (2): 352–359. DOI: 10.1111/resp.12909.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arcadu A., Moua T. Bronchoscopy assessment of acute respiratory failure in interstitial lung disease. Respirology. 2017; 22 (2): 352–359. DOI: 10.1111/resp.12909.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takei R., Arita M., Kumagai S. et al. Impact of lymphocyte differential count &gt; 15 % in BALF on the mortality of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. BMC. Pulm. Med. 2017; 17 (1): 67. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0412-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takei R., Arita M., Kumagai S. et al. Impact of lymphocyte differential count &gt; 15 % in BALF on the mortality of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. BMC. Pulm. Med. 2017; 17 (1): 67. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0412-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryerson C.J., Cottin V., Brown K.K., Collard H.R. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: shifting the paradigm. Eur. Respir. J. 2015; 46 (2): 512–520. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00419-2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryerson C.J., Cottin V., Brown K.K., Collard H.R. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: shifting the paradigm. Eur. Respir. J. 2015; 46 (2): 512–520. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00419-2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collard H.R., Yow E., Richeldi L. et al. Suspected acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as an outcome measure in clinical trials. Respir. Res. 2013; (14): 73. DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collard H.R., Yow E., Richeldi L. et al. Suspected acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as an outcome measure in clinical trials. Respir. Res. 2013; (14): 73. DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Atkins C.P., Loke Y.K., Wilson A.M. Outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a meta-analysis from placebo controlled trials. Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (2): 376–387. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.11.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atkins C.P., Loke Y.K., Wilson A.M. Outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a meta-analysis from placebo controlled trials. Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (2): 376–387. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.11.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richeldi L., du Bois R.M., Raghu G. et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (22): 2071–2082. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1402584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richeldi L., du Bois R.M., Raghu G. et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (22): 2071–2082. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1402584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kondoh Y., Taniguchi H., Katsuta T. et al. Risk factors of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 2010; 27 (2): 103–110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondoh Y., Taniguchi H., Katsuta T. et al. Risk factors of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 2010; 27 (2): 103–110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johannson K.A., Vittinghoff E., Lee K. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis associated with air pollution exposure. Eur. Respir. J. 2014; 43 (4): 1124–1131. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00122213.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johannson K.A., Vittinghoff E., Lee K. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis associated with air pollution exposure. Eur. Respir. J. 2014; 43 (4): 1124–1131. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00122213.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kondoh Y., Taniguchi H., Ebina M. et al. Risk factors for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis – extended analysis of pirfenidone trial in Japan. Respir. Investig. 2015; 53 (6): 271–278. DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2015.04.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondoh Y., Taniguchi H., Ebina M. et al. Risk factors for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis – extended analysis of pirfenidone trial in Japan. Respir. Investig. 2015; 53 (6): 271–278. DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2015.04.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakamoto S., Homma S., Mun M. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia following lung surgery in 3 of 68 consecutive patients: a retrospective study. Intern. Med. 2011; 50 (2): 77–85. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.3390.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakamoto S., Homma S., Mun M. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia following lung surgery in 3 of 68 consecutive patients: a retrospective study. Intern. Med. 2011; 50 (2): 77–85. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.3390.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samejima J., Tajiri M., Ogura T. et al. Thoracoscopic lung biopsy in 285 patients with diffuse pulmonary disease. Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann. 2015; 23 (2): 191–197. DOI: 10.1177/0218492314550724.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samejima J., Tajiri M., Ogura T. et al. Thoracoscopic lung biopsy in 285 patients with diffuse pulmonary disease. Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann. 2015; 23 (2): 191–197. DOI: 10.1177/0218492314550724.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rotolo N., Imperatori A., Dominioni L. et al. Efficacy and safety of surgical lung biopsy for interstitial disease. Experience of 161 consecutive patients from a single institution in Italy. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 2015; 32 (3): 251–258.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rotolo N., Imperatori A., Dominioni L. et al. Efficacy and safety of surgical lung biopsy for interstitial disease. Experience of 161 consecutive patients from a single institution in Italy. Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffuse Lung Dis. 2015; 32 (3): 251–258.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bando M., Ohno S., Hosono T. et al. Risk of acute exacerbation after video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy for interstitial lung disease. J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 2009; 16 (4): 229–235. DOI: 10.1097/LBR.0b013e3181b767cc.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bando M., Ohno S., Hosono T. et al. Risk of acute exacerbation after video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy for interstitial lung disease. J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 2009; 16 (4): 229–235. DOI: 10.1097/LBR.0b013e3181b767cc.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taniguchi H., Ebina M., Kondoh Y. et al. Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 35 (4): 821–829. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00005209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taniguchi H., Ebina M., Kondoh Y. et al. Pirfenidone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 35 (4): 821–829. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00005209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costabel U., Inoue Y., Richeldi L. et al. Efficacy of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis across prespecified subgroups in INPULSIS. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 193 (2): 178–185. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201503-0562OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costabel U., Inoue Y., Richeldi L. et al. Efficacy of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis across prespecified subgroups in INPULSIS. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 193 (2): 178–185. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201503-0562OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuhn C. 3rd, Boldt J., King T.E. Jr et al. An immunohistochemical study of architectural remodeling and connective tis-sue synthesis in pulmonary fibrosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 140 (6): 1693–1703. DOI: doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/140.6.1693.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuhn C. 3rd, Boldt J., King T.E. Jr et al. An immunohistochemical study of architectural remodeling and connective tis-sue synthesis in pulmonary fibrosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1989; 140 (6): 1693–1703. DOI: doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/140.6.1693.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konishi K., Gibson K.F., Lindell K.O. et al. Gene expression profiles of acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 180 (2): 167–175. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200810-1596OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konishi K., Gibson K.F., Lindell K.O. et al. Gene expression profiles of acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 180 (2): 167–175. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200810-1596OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukae H., Iiboshi H., Nakazato M. et al. Raised plasma concentrations of alpha-defensins in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax. 2002; 57 (7): 623–628. DOI: 10.1136/thorax.57.7.623.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukae H., Iiboshi H., Nakazato M. et al. Raised plasma concentrations of alpha-defensins in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax. 2002; 57 (7): 623–628. DOI: 10.1136/thorax.57.7.623.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Wetering S., Sterk P.J., Rabe K.F., Hiemstra P.S. Defensins: key players or bystanders in infection, injury, and repair in the lung? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999; 104 (6): 1131–1138. DOI: 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70004-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Wetering S., Sterk P.J., Rabe K.F., Hiemstra P.S. Defensins: key players or bystanders in infection, injury, and repair in the lung? J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999; 104 (6): 1131–1138. DOI: 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70004-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ganz T., Lehrer R.I. Defensins. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1994; 6 (4): 584–589. DOI: 10.1016/0952-7915(94)90145-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ganz T., Lehrer R.I. Defensins. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1994; 6 (4): 584–589. DOI: 10.1016/0952-7915(94)90145-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moeller A., Gilpin S.E., Ask K. et al. Circulating fibrocytes are an indicator of poor prognosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 179 (7): 588–594. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200810-1534OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moeller A., Gilpin S.E., Ask K. et al. Circulating fibrocytes are an indicator of poor prognosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009; 179 (7): 588–594. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200810-1534OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bucala R., Spiegel L.A., Chesney J. et al. Circulating fibrocytes define a new leukocyte subpopulation that mediates tissue repair. Mol. Med. 1994; 1 (1): 71–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bucala R., Spiegel L.A., Chesney J. et al. Circulating fibrocytes define a new leukocyte subpopulation that mediates tissue repair. Mol. Med. 1994; 1 (1): 71–81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gomperts B.N., Strieter R.M. Fibrocytes in lung disease. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2007; 82 (3): 449–456. DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0906587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gomperts B.N., Strieter R.M. Fibrocytes in lung disease. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2007; 82 (3): 449–456. DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0906587.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mantovani A., Sica A., Sozzani S. et al. The chemo-kine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol. 2004; 25 (12): 677–686. DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.09.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mantovani A., Sica A., Sozzani S. et al. The chemo-kine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol. 2004; 25 (12): 677–686. DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.09.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schupp J.C., Binder H., Jager B. et al. Macrophage activation in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (1): e0116775. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116775.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schupp J.C., Binder H., Jager B. et al. Macrophage activation in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (1): e0116775. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116775.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ushiki A., Yamazaki Y., Hama M. et al. Viral infections in patients with an acute exacerbation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Respir. Investig. 2014; 52 (1): 65–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2013.07.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ushiki A., Yamazaki Y., Hama M. et al. Viral infections in patients with an acute exacerbation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Respir. Investig. 2014; 52 (1): 65–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2013.07.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wootton S.C., Kim D.S., Kondoh Y. et al. Viral infection in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 183 (12): 1698–1702. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201010-1752OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wootton S.C., Kim D.S., Kondoh Y. et al. Viral infection in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 183 (12): 1698–1702. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201010-1752OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huie T.J., Olson A.L., Cosgrove G.P. et al. A detailed evaluation of acute respiratory decline in patients with fibrotic lung disease: aetiology and outcomes. Respirology. 2010; 15 (6): 909–917. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01774.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huie T.J., Olson A.L., Cosgrove G.P. et al. A detailed evaluation of acute respiratory decline in patients with fibrotic lung disease: aetiology and outcomes. Respirology. 2010; 15 (6): 909–917. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01774.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Molyneaux P.L., Cox M.J., Wells A.U. et al. Changes in the respiratory microbiome during acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Res. 2017; 18 (1): 29. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0511-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molyneaux P.L., Cox M.J., Wells A.U. et al. Changes in the respiratory microbiome during acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Res. 2017; 18 (1): 29. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0511-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon-Blancal V., Freynet O., Nunes H. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: outcome and prognostic factors. Respiration. 2012; 83 (1): 28–35. DOI: 10.1159/000329891.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon-Blancal V., Freynet O., Nunes H. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: outcome and prognostic factors. Respiration. 2012; 83 (1): 28–35. DOI: 10.1159/000329891.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petrosyan F., Culver D.A., Reddy A.J. Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective study. BMC. Pulm. Med. 2015; (15): 70. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0066-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrosyan F., Culver D.A., Reddy A.J. Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective study. BMC. Pulm. Med. 2015; (15): 70. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0066-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee J.S., Collard H.R., Anstrom K.J. et al. Anti–acid treatment and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an analysis of data from three randomised controlled trials. Lancet. Respir. Med. 2013; 1 (5): 369–376. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70105-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee J.S., Collard H.R., Anstrom K.J. et al. Anti–acid treatment and disease progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an analysis of data from three randomised controlled trials. Lancet. Respir. Med. 2013; 1 (5): 369–376. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70105-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee J.S., Song J.W., Wolters P.J. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage pepsin in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2012; 39 (2): 352–358. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00050911.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee J.S., Song J.W., Wolters P.J. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage pepsin in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2012; 39 (2): 352–358. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00050911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mizuno Y., Iwata H., Shirahashi K. et al. The importance of intraoperative fluid balance for the prevention of postoperative acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis after pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2012; 41 (6): e161–165. DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mizuno Y., Iwata H., Shirahashi K. et al. The importance of intraoperative fluid balance for the prevention of postoperative acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis after pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2012; 41 (6): e161–165. DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suzuki H., Sekine Y., Yoshida S. et al. Risk of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia after pulmonary resection for lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis based on preoperative high-resolution computed tomography. Surg. Toda. 2011; 41 (7): 914–921. DOI: 10.1007/s00595-010-4384-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suzuki H., Sekine Y., Yoshida S. et al. Risk of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia after pulmonary resection for lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis based on preoperative high-resolution computed tomography. Surg. Toda. 2011; 41 (7): 914–921. DOI: 10.1007/s00595-010-4384-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watanabe A., Higami T., Ohori S. et al. Is lung cancer resection indicated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2008; 136 (5): 1357–1363.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.07.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watanabe A., Higami T., Ohori S. et al. Is lung cancer resection indicated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2008; 136 (5): 1357–1363.e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.07.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park J.S., Kim H.K., Kim K. et al. Prediction of acute pulmonary complications after resection of lung cancer in patients with preexisting interstitial lung disease. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2011; 59 (3): 148–152. DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250644.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park J.S., Kim H.K., Kim K. et al. Prediction of acute pulmonary complications after resection of lung cancer in patients with preexisting interstitial lung disease. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2011; 59 (3): 148–152. DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250644.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghatol A., Ruhl A.P., Danoff S.K. Exacerbations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis triggered by pulmonary and nonpulmonary surgery: a case series and comprehensive review of the literature. Lung. 2012; 190 (4): 373–380. DOI: 10.1007/s00408-012-9389-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghatol A., Ruhl A.P., Danoff S.K. Exacerbations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis triggered by pulmonary and nonpulmonary surgery: a case series and comprehensive review of the literature. Lung. 2012; 190 (4): 373–380. DOI: 10.1007/s00408-012-9389-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi S.M., Lee J., Park Y.S. et al. Postoperative pulmonary complications after surgery in patients with interstitial lung disease. Respiration. 2014; 87 (4): 287–293. DOI: 10.1159/000357046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi S.M., Lee J., Park Y.S. et al. Postoperative pulmonary complications after surgery in patients with interstitial lung disease. Respiration. 2014; 87 (4): 287–293. DOI: 10.1159/000357046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hiwatari N., Shimura S., Takishima T., Shirato K. Bronchoalveolar lavage as a possible cause of acute exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 1994; 174 (4): 379–386. DOI: 10.1620/tjem.174.379.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hiwatari N., Shimura S., Takishima T., Shirato K. Bronchoalveolar lavage as a possible cause of acute exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 1994; 174 (4): 379–386. DOI: 10.1620/tjem.174.379.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakamoto K., Taniguchi H., Kondoh Y. et al. Acute exacerbation of IPF following diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage procedures. Respir. Med. 2012; 106 (3): 436–442. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.11.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakamoto K., Taniguchi H., Kondoh Y. et al. Acute exacerbation of IPF following diagnostic bronchoalveolar lavage procedures. Respir. Med. 2012; 106 (3): 436–442. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.11.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomic R., Cortes-Puentes G.A., Murugan P. et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease after cryobiopsy. J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 2017; 24 (4): 319–322. DOI: 10.1097/LBR.0000000000000369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomic R., Cortes-Puentes G.A., Murugan P. et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease after cryobiopsy. J. Bronchology Interv. Pulmonol. 2017; 24 (4): 319–322. DOI: 10.1097/LBR.0000000000000369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casoni G.L., Tomassetti S., Cavazza A. et al. Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (2): e86716. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086716.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casoni G.L., Tomassetti S., Cavazza A. et al. Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (2): e86716. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086716.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selman M., Carrillo G., Estrada A. et al. Accelerated variant of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical behavior and gene expression pattern. PLoS One. 2007; 2 (5): e482. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000482.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selman M., Carrillo G., Estrada A. et al. Accelerated variant of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: clinical behavior and gene expression pattern. PLoS One. 2007; 2 (5): e482. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000482.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell A.M., Adamali H., Molyneaux P.L. et al. Daily home spirometry: an effective tool for detecting progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 194 (8): 989–997. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201511-2152OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell A.M., Adamali H., Molyneaux P.L. et al. Daily home spirometry: an effective tool for detecting progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 194 (8): 989–997. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201511-2152OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Judge E.P., Fabre A., Adamali H.I., Egan J.J. Acute exacerbations and pulmonary hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2012; 40 (1): 93–100. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00115511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Judge E.P., Fabre A., Adamali H.I., Egan J.J. Acute exacerbations and pulmonary hypertension in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2012; 40 (1): 93–100. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00115511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohshimo S., Ishikawa N., Horimasu Y. et al. Baseline KL-6 predicts increased risk for acute exacerbation of idio-pathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (7): 1031–1039. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.04.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohshimo S., Ishikawa N., Horimasu Y. et al. Baseline KL-6 predicts increased risk for acute exacerbation of idio-pathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (7): 1031–1039. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.04.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horita N., Akahane M., Okada Y. et al. Tacrolimus and steroid treatment for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern. Med. 2011; 50 (3): 189–195. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4327.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horita N., Akahane M., Okada Y. et al. Tacrolimus and steroid treatment for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern. Med. 2011; 50 (3): 189–195. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4327.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kakiuchi S., Hanibuchi M., Tezuka T. et al. Analysis of acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease associated with chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer: a feasibility of S-1. Respir. Investig. 2017; 55 (2): 145–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2016.10.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kakiuchi S., Hanibuchi M., Tezuka T. et al. Analysis of acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease associated with chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer: a feasibility of S-1. Respir. Investig. 2017; 55 (2): 145–152. DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2016.10.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takeda A., Enomoto T., Sanuki N. et al. Acute exacerbation of subclinical idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis triggered by hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy in a patient with primary lung cancer and slightly focal honeycombing. Radiat. Med. 2008; 26 (8): 504–507. DOI: 10.1007/s11604-008-0261-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takeda A., Enomoto T., Sanuki N. et al. Acute exacerbation of subclinical idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis triggered by hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy in a patient with primary lung cancer and slightly focal honeycombing. Radiat. Med. 2008; 26 (8): 504–507. DOI: 10.1007/s11604-008-0261-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parambil J.G., Myers J.L., Aubry M.C., Ryu J.H. Causes and prognosis of diffuse alveolar damage diagnosed on surgical lung biopsy. Chest. 2007; 132 (1): 50–57. DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-0104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parambil J.G., Myers J.L., Aubry M.C., Ryu J.H. Causes and prognosis of diffuse alveolar damage diagnosed on surgical lung biopsy. Chest. 2007; 132 (1): 50–57. DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-0104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeon K., Chung M.P., Lee K.S. et al. Prognostic factors and causes of death in Korean patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med. 2006; 100 (3): 451–457. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.06.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeon K., Chung M.P., Lee K.S. et al. Prognostic factors and causes of death in Korean patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir. Med. 2006; 100 (3): 451–457. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.06.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seo Y., Abe S., Kurahara M. et al. Beneficial effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column (PMX) hemoperfusion treatment on acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern. Med. 2006; 45 (18): 1033–1038. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.6018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seo Y., Abe S., Kurahara M. et al. Beneficial effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column (PMX) hemoperfusion treatment on acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern. Med. 2006; 45 (18): 1033–1038. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.45.6018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tachikawa R., Tomii K., Ueda H. et al. Clinical features and outcome of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia: collagen vascular diseases-related versus idiopathic. Respiration. 2012; 83 (1): 20–27. DOI: 10.1159/000329893.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tachikawa R., Tomii K., Ueda H. et al. Clinical features and outcome of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia: collagen vascular diseases-related versus idiopathic. Respiration. 2012; 83 (1): 20–27. DOI: 10.1159/000329893.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olson A.L., Huie T.J., Groshong S.D. et al. Acute exacerbations of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a case series. Chest. 2008; 134 (4): 844–850. DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0428.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olson A.L., Huie T.J., Groshong S.D. et al. Acute exacerbations of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a case series. Chest. 2008; 134 (4): 844–850. DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0428.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suda T., Kaida Y., Nakamura Y. et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen vascular diseases. Respir. Med. 2009; 103 (6): 846–853. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.12.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suda T., Kaida Y., Nakamura Y. et al. Acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen vascular diseases. Respir. Med. 2009; 103 (6): 846–853. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.12.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyazaki Y., Tateishi T., Akashi T. et al. Clinical predictors and histologic appearance of acute exacerbations in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Chest. 2008; 134 (6): 1265–1270. DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0866.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyazaki Y., Tateishi T., Akashi T. et al. Clinical predictors and histologic appearance of acute exacerbations in chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Chest. 2008; 134 (6): 1265–1270. DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-0866.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahloon R.A., Xue J., Bhargava A. et al. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with antibodies to heat shock protein 70 have poor prognoses. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013; 187 (7): 768–775. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201203-0506OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahloon R.A., Xue J., Bhargava A. et al. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with antibodies to heat shock protein 70 have poor prognoses. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013; 187 (7): 768–775. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201203-0506OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morell F., Esser D., Lim J. et al. Treatment patterns, resource use and costs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Spain–results of a Delphi Panel. BMC. Pulm. Med. 2016; (16): 7. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0168-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morell F., Esser D., Lim J. et al. Treatment patterns, resource use and costs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Spain–results of a Delphi Panel. BMC. Pulm. Med. 2016; (16): 7. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0168-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu Y.F., Wu N., Chuang C.C. et al. Patterns and economic burden of hospitalizations and exacerbations among patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Manag. Care Spec. Pharm. 2016; 22 (4): 414–423. DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2016.22.4.414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu Y.F., Wu N., Chuang C.C. et al. Patterns and economic burden of hospitalizations and exacerbations among patients diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J. Manag. Care Spec. Pharm. 2016; 22 (4): 414–423. DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2016.22.4.414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bozso S., Sidhu S., Garg M. et al. Canada’s longest experience with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: a case report. Transplant. Proc. 2015; 47 (1): 186–189. DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.10.039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozso S., Sidhu S., Garg M. et al. Canada’s longest experience with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: a case report. Transplant. Proc. 2015; 47 (1): 186–189. DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.10.039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rush B., Wiskar K., Berger L., Griesdale D. The use of mechanical ventilation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the United States: a nationwide retrospective cohort analysis. Respir. Med. 2016; (111): 72–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.12.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rush B., Wiskar K., Berger L., Griesdale D. The use of mechanical ventilation in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in the United States: a nationwide retrospective cohort analysis. Respir. Med. 2016; (111): 72–76. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.12.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inase N., Sawada M., Ohtani Y. et al. Cyclosporin A followed by the treatment of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with corticosteroid. Intern. Med. 2003; 42 (7): 565–570. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.42.565.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inase N., Sawada M., Ohtani Y. et al. Cyclosporin A followed by the treatment of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with corticosteroid. Intern. Med. 2003; 42 (7): 565–570. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.42.565.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Homma S., Sakamoto S., Kawabata M. et al. Cyclosporin treatment in steroid-resistant and acutely exacerbated interstitial pneumonia. Intern. Med. 2005; 44 (11): 1144–1150. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.44.1144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Homma S., Sakamoto S., Kawabata M. et al. Cyclosporin treatment in steroid-resistant and acutely exacerbated interstitial pneumonia. Intern. Med. 2005; 44 (11): 1144–1150. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.44.1144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakamoto S., Homma S., Miyamoto A. et al. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern. Med. 2010; 49 (2): 109–115. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.2359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakamoto S., Homma S., Miyamoto A. et al. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern. Med. 2010; 49 (2): 109–115. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.2359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donahoe M., Valentine V.G., Chien N. et al. Autoantibody-targeted treatments for acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (6): e0127771. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127771.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donahoe M., Valentine V.G., Chien N. et al. Autoantibody-targeted treatments for acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (6): e0127771. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127771.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abe S., Azuma A., Mukae H. et al. Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column (PMX) treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with acute exacerbation: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Intern. Med. 2012; 51 (12): 1487–1491. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.6965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abe S., Azuma A., Mukae H. et al. Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column (PMX) treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with acute exacerbation: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Intern. Med. 2012; 51 (12): 1487–1491. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.6965.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit95"><label>95</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oishi K., Aoe K., Mimura Y. et al. Survival from an acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with or without direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column: a retrospective analysis. Intern. Med. 2016; 55 (24): 3551–3359. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6056.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oishi K., Aoe K., Mimura Y. et al. Survival from an acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with or without direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column: a retrospective analysis. Intern. Med. 2016; 55 (24): 3551–3359. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6056.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit96"><label>96</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oishi K., Mimura-Kimura Y., Miyasho T. et al. Association between cytokine removal by polymyxin B hemoperfusion and improved pulmonary oxygenation in patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cytokine. 2013; 61 (1): 84–89. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oishi K., Mimura-Kimura Y., Miyasho T. et al. Association between cytokine removal by polymyxin B hemoperfusion and improved pulmonary oxygenation in patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cytokine. 2013; 61 (1): 84–89. DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.08.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit97"><label>97</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isshiki T., Sakamoto S., Kinoshita A. et al. Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin treatment for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective study. Respiration. 2015; 89 (3): 201–207. DOI: 10.1159/000369828.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isshiki T., Sakamoto S., Kinoshita A. et al. Recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin treatment for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a retrospective study. Respiration. 2015; 89 (3): 201–207. DOI: 10.1159/000369828.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit98"><label>98</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsushima K., Yamaguchi K., Kono Y. et al. Thrombomodulin for acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a proof of concept study. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2014; 29 (2): 233–240. DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.04.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsushima K., Yamaguchi K., Kono Y. et al. Thrombomodulin for acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a proof of concept study. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 2014; 29 (2): 233–240. DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.04.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit99"><label>99</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kataoka K., Taniguchi H., Kondoh Y. et al. Recombinant human thrombomodulin in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2015; 148 (2): 436–443. DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-2746.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kataoka K., Taniguchi H., Kondoh Y. et al. Recombinant human thrombomodulin in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest. 2015; 148 (2): 436–443. DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-2746.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit100"><label>100</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayakawa S., Matsuzawa Y., Irie T. et al. Efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin for the treatment of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a single arm, non-randomized prospective clinical trial. Multidiscip. Respir. Med. 2016; 11: 38. DOI: 10.1186/s40248-016-0074-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayakawa S., Matsuzawa Y., Irie T. et al. Efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin for the treatment of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a single arm, non-randomized prospective clinical trial. Multidiscip. Respir. Med. 2016; 11: 38. DOI: 10.1186/s40248-016-0074-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit101"><label>101</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding J., Chen Z., Feng K. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use in acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2013; 10 (7): 903–907. DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4972.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding J., Chen Z., Feng K. Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use in acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2013; 10 (7): 903–907. DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4972.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit102"><label>102</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yokoyama T., Kondoh Y., Taniguchi H. et al. Noninvasive ventilation in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern. Med. 2010; 49 (15): 1509–1514. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yokoyama T., Kondoh Y., Taniguchi H. et al. Noninvasive ventilation in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern. Med. 2010; 49 (15): 1509–1514. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit103"><label>103</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Papiris S.A., Kagouridis K., Kolilekas L. et al. Survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis acute exacerbations: the non-steroid approach. BMC. Pulm. Med. 2015; (15): 162. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0146-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Papiris S.A., Kagouridis K., Kolilekas L. et al. Survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis acute exacerbations: the non-steroid approach. BMC. Pulm. Med. 2015; (15): 162. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0146-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit104"><label>104</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azuma A., Nukiwa T., Tsuboi E. et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2005; 171 (9): 1040–1047. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200404-571OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azuma A., Nukiwa T., Tsuboi E. et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2005; 171 (9): 1040–1047. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200404-571OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit105"><label>105</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King T.E. Jr, Bradford W.Z., Castro-Bernardini S. et al. A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (22): 2083–2092. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1402582.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King T.E. Jr, Bradford W.Z., Castro-Bernardini S. et al. A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (22): 2083–2092. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1402582.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit106"><label>106</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noble P.W., Albera C., Bradford W.Z. et al. Pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CAPACITY): two randomised trials. Lancet. 2011; 377 (9779): 1760–1769. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60405-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noble P.W., Albera C., Bradford W.Z. et al. Pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CAPACITY): two randomised trials. Lancet. 2011; 377 (9779): 1760–1769. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60405-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit107"><label>107</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ley B., Swigris J., Day B.M. et al. Pirfenidone reduces respiratory-related hospitalizations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2017; 196 (6): 756–761. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201701-0091OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ley B., Swigris J., Day B.M. et al. Pirfenidone reduces respiratory-related hospitalizations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2017; 196 (6): 756–761. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201701-0091OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit108"><label>108</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwata T., Yoshida S., Nagato K. et al. Experience with perioperative pirfenidone for lung cancer surgery in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Surg. Today. 2015; 45 (10): 1263–1270. DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-1071-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iwata T., Yoshida S., Nagato K. et al. Experience with perioperative pirfenidone for lung cancer surgery in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Surg. Today. 2015; 45 (10): 1263–1270. DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-1071-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit109"><label>109</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richeldi L., Costabel U., Selman M. et al. Efficacy of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365 (12): 1079–1087. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1103690.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richeldi L., Costabel U., Selman M. et al. Efficacy of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365 (12): 1079–1087. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1103690.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit110"><label>110</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collard H.R., Richeldi L., Kim D.S. et al. Acute exacerbations in the INPULSIS trials of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2017; 49 (5): pii: 1601339. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01339-2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collard H.R., Richeldi L., Kim D.S. et al. Acute exacerbations in the INPULSIS trials of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur. Respir. J. 2017; 49 (5): pii: 1601339. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01339-2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit111"><label>111</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez F.J., de Andrade J.A., Anstrom K.J. et al. Randomized trial of acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (22): 2093–2101. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1401739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez F.J., de Andrade J.A., Anstrom K.J. et al. Randomized trial of acetylcysteine in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 370 (22): 2093–2101. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1401739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit112"><label>112</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zisman D.A., Schwarz M., Anstrom K.J. et al. A controlled trial of sildenafil in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363 (7): 620–628. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1002110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zisman D.A., Schwarz M., Anstrom K.J. et al. A controlled trial of sildenafil in advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363 (7): 620–628. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1002110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit113"><label>113</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King T.E. Jr, Brown K.K., Raghu G. et al. BUILD-3: a randomized, controlled trial of bosentan in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 184 (1): 92–99. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201011-1874OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King T.E. Jr, Brown K.K., Raghu G. et al. BUILD-3: a randomized, controlled trial of bosentan in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011; 184 (1): 92–99. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201011-1874OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit114"><label>114</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">King T.E. Jr, Albera C., Bradford W.Z. et al. Effect of interferon gamma-1b on survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (INSPIRE): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 374 (9685): 222–228. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60551-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">King T.E. Jr, Albera C., Bradford W.Z. et al. Effect of interferon gamma-1b on survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (INSPIRE): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009; 374 (9685): 222–228. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60551-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit115"><label>115</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Noth I., Anstrom K.J., Calvert S.B. et al. A placebo-controlled randomized trial of warfarin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2012; 186 (1): 88–95. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201202-0314OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noth I., Anstrom K.J., Calvert S.B. et al. A placebo-controlled randomized trial of warfarin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2012; 186 (1): 88–95. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201202-0314OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit116"><label>116</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raghu G., Behr J., Brown K.K. et al. Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with ambrisentan: a parallel, randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2013; 158 (9): 641–649. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raghu G., Behr J., Brown K.K. et al. Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with ambrisentan: a parallel, randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 2013; 158 (9): 641–649. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-9-201305070-00003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit117"><label>117</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daniels C.E., Lasky J.A., Limper A.H. et al. Imatinib treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: randomized placebo-controlled trial results. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010; 181 (6): 604–610. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200906-0964OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daniels C.E., Lasky J.A., Limper A.H. et al. Imatinib treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: randomized placebo-controlled trial results. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010; 181 (6): 604–610. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200906-0964OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit118"><label>118</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raghu G., Anstrom K.J., King T.E. Jr et al. Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366 (21): 1968–1977. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1113354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raghu G., Anstrom K.J., King T.E. Jr et al. Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366 (21): 1968–1977. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1113354.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
