<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pulmo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Пульмонология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PULMONOLOGIYA</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-0189</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9617</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Scientific and Practical Journal “PULMONOLOGIYA” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18093/0869-0189-2018-28-3-368-380</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">pulmo-1007</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Возможности ингаляционной терапии по предупреждению обострений хронической обструктивной болезни легких. Заключение Совета экспертов Российского респираторного общества</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Possibilities to prevent acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using inhalational therapy. A Report of Expert Panel of Russian Respiratory Society</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдеев Сергей Николаевич – доктор медицинских наук, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, руководитель клинического отдела Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2, 115682, Москва, Ореховый бульвар, 28</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey N. Avdeev, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of Department of Pulmonology, I.M.Sechenov Federal First Moscow State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia; Deputy Director for Science, Federal Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia; Chief Pulmonologist, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</p><p>ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991,</p><p>Orekhovyy bul'var 28, Moscow, 115682</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serg_avdeev@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белевский</surname><given-names>А. C.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belevskiy</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Белевский Андрей Станиславович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey S. Belevskiy, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Postgraduate Physician Training</p><p>ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pulmobas@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айсанов</surname><given-names>З. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aisanov</surname><given-names>Z. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Айсанов Заурбек Рамазанович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры пульмонологии Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования</p><p>117997, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zaurbek R. Aisanov, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Department of Pulmonology</p><p>ul. Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aisanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Архипов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arkhipov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Архипов Владимир Владимирович Vladimir V. Arkhipov – доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры клинической фармакологии и терапии</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2 / 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Arkhipov, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy</p><p>ul. Barrikadnaya 2/1, Moscow, 123995</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arkhipov@gmx.us</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лещенко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Leshchenko</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лещенко Игорь Викторович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры фтизиатрии, пульмонологии и торакальной хирургии</p><p>620028, Екатеринбург, ул. Репина, 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Igor' V. Leshchenko, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Department of Phthisiology, Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery</p><p>ul. Repina 3, Ekaterinburg, 620028</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">leshchenkoiv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Овчаренко</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ovcharenko</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Овчаренко Светлана Ивановна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры факультетской терапии № 1 лечебного факультета</p><p>119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana I. Ovcharenko, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Department of General Internal Medicine No.1, Medical Faculty</p><p>ul. Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, Moscow, 119991</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svetftk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синопальников</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinopal’nikov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Синопальников Александр Игоревич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии</p><p>125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2 / 1, стр. 1</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr I. Sinopal'nikov, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of Department of Pulmonology</p><p>ul. Barrikadnaya 2/1, Moscow, 123995</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aisyn@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Визель</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vizel’</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Визель Александр Андреевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой фтизиопульмонологии</p><p>420012, Республика Татарстан, Казань, ул. Бутлерова, 49</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr A. Vizel', Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of Department of Phthisiology and Pulmonology</p><p>ul. Butlerova 49, Kazan', 420012, Tatarstan Republic</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lordara@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Емельянов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Emel’yanov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Емельянов Александр Викторович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пульмонологии</p><p>191015, Санкт-Петербург, Кирочная ул., 41</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr V. Emel'yanov¸ Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of Department of Pulmonology</p><p>ul. Kirochnaya 41, Saint Petersburg, 191015</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">emelav@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жестков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhestkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жестков Александр Викторович Aleksandr V. Zhestkov – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой микробиологии, иммунологии и аллергологии</p><p>443099, Самара, ул. Чапаевская, 89</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr V. Zhestkov¸ Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Allergology</p><p>ul. Chapaevskaya 89, Samara, 443099</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">avzhestkov2015@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зыков</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zykov</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> </p><p>Зыков Кирилл Алексеевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор Российской академии наук, заместитель директора по научной и инновационной работе Федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства, заведующий лабораторией пульмонологии Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И.Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</p><p>115682, Москва, Ореховый бульвар, 28,</p><p>127473, Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kirill A. Zykov, Doctor of Medicine, Professor of Russian Academy of Sciences, Deputy Director for Academic Affairs and Innovation, Federal Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia; Head of Laboratory of Pulmonology</p><p>Orekhovyy bul'var 28, Moscow, 115682, ul. Delegatskaya 20, build. 1, Moscow, 127473</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kirillaz@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузубова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzubova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузубова Наталия Анатольевна – доктор медицинских наук, заместитель директора Научно-исследовательского института пульмонологии Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П.Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; руководитель Городского пульмонологического центра Санкт-Петербургского государственного бюджетного учреждения здравоохранения «Введенская городская клиническая больница»</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8,</p><p>191180, Санкт-Петербург, пер. Лазаретный, 4</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natal'ya A. Kuzubova, Doctor of Medicine, Deputy Director, Pulmonology Research Institute, Academician I.P.Pavlov First Federal Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia; Head of Vvedenskaya State City Teaching Hospital of Saint-Petersburg</p><p>ul. L'va Tolstogo 6/8, Saint-Petersburg, 197089, per. Lazaretnyy 4, Saint Petersburg, 191180</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kuzubova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-10"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прозорова</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prozorova</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Прозорова Галина Гаральдовна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры общей врачебной практики (семейной медицины) и медицинской экспертизы института дополнительного профессионального образования</p><p>394000, Воронеж, ул. Студенческая, 10 </p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Galina G. Prozorova, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Department of General Medical Practice (Family Medicine) and Medical Expertise, Institute of Postgraduate Physician Training, N.N.Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</p><p>ul. Studencheskaya 10, Voronezh, 394622</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">prozorovagg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-11"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черняк</surname><given-names>Б. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyak</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Черняк Борис Анатольевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой аллергологии и пульмонологии</p><p> 664049, Иркутск, мкр Юбилейный, 100</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Boris A. Chernyak, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of Department of Allergology and Pulmonology</p><p>mkr Yubileynyy 100, Irkutsk, 664079</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ba.chernyak@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-12"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шапорова</surname><given-names>Н. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaporova</surname><given-names>N. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шапорова Наталия Леонидовна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, декан факультета послевузовского образования, заведующая кафедрой общей врачебной практики (семейной медицины)</p><p>197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, 6–8</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya L. Shaporova, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Dean of Faculty of Postgraduate Physician’s Training; Head of Department of General Medical Practice (Family Medicine)</p><p>ul. L'va Tolstogo 6/8, Saint-Petersburg, 197089</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shapnl@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-13"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмелев</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmelev</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шмелев Евгений Иванович – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделом дифференциальной диагностики</p><p>107564, Москва, Яузская аллея, 2</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy I. Shmelev, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of Division of Differential Diagnosis</p><p>Yauzskaya alleya 2, Moscow, 107564</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eishmelev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-14"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации;&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M.Sechenov Federal First Moscow State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia (Sechenov University);&#13;
Federal Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И.Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I.Pirogov Federal Russian State National Research Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение дополнительного профессионального образования «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Federal State Academy of Continued Medical Education, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural Federal State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М.Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M.Sechenov Federal First Moscow State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan’ State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И.Мечникова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.I.Mechnikov State North-West Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-8"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Самарский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-9"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства;&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И.Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Pulmonology Research Institute, Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia;&#13;
A.I.Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-10"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П.Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации;&#13;
Санкт-Петербургское государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Введенская городская клиническая больница»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academician I.P.Pavlov First Federal Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia;&#13;
Vvedenskaya State City Teaching Hospital of Saint-Petersburg</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-11"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Воронежский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N.Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-12"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Иркутская государственная медицинская академия последипломного образования – филиал Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения дополнительного профессионального образования «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Postgraduate Training</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-13"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П.Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Academician I.P.Pavlov First Federal Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, Healthcare Ministry of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-14"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Russian Academy of Science</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>368</fpage><lpage>380</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Авдеев С.Н., Белевский А.C., Айсанов З.Р., Архипов В.В., Лещенко И.В., Овчаренко С.И., Синопальников А.И., Визель А.А., Емельянов А.В., Жестков А.В., Зыков К.А., Кузубова Н.А., Прозорова Г.Г., Черняк Б.А., Шапорова Н.Л., Шмелев Е.И., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Авдеев С.Н., Белевский А.C., Айсанов З.Р., Архипов В.В., Лещенко И.В., Овчаренко С.И., Синопальников А.И., Визель А.А., Емельянов А.В., Жестков А.В., Зыков К.А., Кузубова Н.А., Прозорова Г.Г., Черняк Б.А., Шапорова Н.Л., Шмелев Е.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Avdeev S.N., Belevskiy A.S., Aisanov Z.R., Arkhipov V.V., Leshchenko I.V., Ovcharenko S.I., Sinopal’nikov A.I., Vizel’ A.A., Emel’yanov A.V., Zhestkov A.V., Zykov K.A., Kuzubova N.A., Prozorova G.G., Chernyak B.A., Shaporova N.L., Shmelev E.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/1007">https://journal.pulmonology.ru/pulm/article/view/1007</self-uri><abstract><p>Значение обострений хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) для течения и прогноза заболевания зависит от степени их тяжести. Клинически значимыми являются среднетяжелые и тяжелые обострения. Клинические исследования, при проведении которых изучалось влияние ингаляционной терапии на риск обострений ХОБЛ, существенно различались между собой по важным параметрам, при этом характеристики пациентов в реальной клинической практике отражались не полностью. До настоящего времени не отмечено превосходства терапии другими ингаляционными препаратами, в т. ч. при использовании комбинации ингаляционных глюкокортикостероидов / длительно действующих β2-агонистов (ДДБА) и длительно действующих антихолинергических препаратов / ДДБА, над монотерапией тиотропием по влиянию на риск среднетяжелых и тяжелых обострений. В исследовании DYNAGITO впервые показано преимущество комбинации тиотропий / олодатерол перед тиотропием по влиянию на риск клинически значимых обострений ХОБЛ, при этом группы не различалась по частоте и спектру нежелательных явлений, в т. ч. сердечно-сосудистых. Эффективная бронходилатационная терапия, одновременно обеспечивающая облегчение одышки и профилактику обострений, должна назначаться всем пациентам с ХОБЛ, а дальнейшая эскалация терапии у лиц с частыми обострениями ХОБЛ должна быть индивидуальной в зависимости от особенностей клинической картины и причин обострений.</p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An impact of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) on the course and the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease depends on severity of the exacerbation. Moderate and severe exacerbations are considered as clinically significant events. Clinical studies investigating a role of inhalational therapy for the risk of AECOPD differed significantly in important parameters and the patients involved were not fully described in the real clinical practice. Tiotropium alone did not demonstrate any benefit over other inhalational therapies, such as inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist (ICS/LABA) combinations and long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)/LABA combinations, for risk reduction of moderate to severe exacerbations. A benefit of tiotropium/olodaterol combination over tiotropium for the reduction of risk of clinically significant exacerbations was first shown in DYNAGITO study; patients’ groups in this study did not differ in a rate and a spectrum of adverse events including cardiovascular events. An efficient bronchodilating therapy should be administered to all patients with COPD as it could improve dyspnea and prevent exacerbations. Further escalation of treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of COPD should be personalized according to clinical course and causes of AECOPD.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких</kwd><kwd>обострения</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd><kwd>ингаляционные препараты</kwd><kwd>бронходилататоры длительного действия</kwd><kwd>тиотропий</kwd><kwd>ингаляционные глюкокортикостероиды</kwd><kwd>тиотропий / олодатерол</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>exacerbations</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd><kwd>inhalational therapy</kwd><kwd>long-acting bronchodilators</kwd><kwd>tiotropium</kwd><kwd>inhaled corticosteroids</kwd><kwd>tiotropium/olodaterol</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GOLD 2018. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 Report. Available at: https://goldcopd.org [Accessed June 04, 2018].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GOLD 2018. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 Report. Available at: https://goldcopd.org [Accessed June 04, 2018].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groenewegen K.H., Schols A.M., Wouters E.F. Mortality and mortality related factors after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2003; 124 (2): 459–467. DOI: 10.1378/chest.124.2.459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groenewegen K.H., Schols A.M., Wouters E.F. Mortality and mortality related factors after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2003; 124 (2): 459–467. DOI: 10.1378/chest.124.2.459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buhl R., Criée C.P., Kardos P. et al. A year in the life of German patients with COPD: the DACCORD observational study. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2016; 11 (1): 1639–1646. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S112110.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buhl R., Criée C.P., Kardos P. et al. A year in the life of German patients with COPD: the DACCORD observational study. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2016; 11 (1): 1639–1646. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S112110.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arkhipov V., Arkhipova D., Miravitlles M. et al. Characteristics of COPD patients according to GOLD classification and clinical phenotypes in the Russian Federation: the SUPPORT trial. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2017; (12): 3255–3262. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S142997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arkhipov V., Arkhipova D., Miravitlles M. et al. Characteristics of COPD patients according to GOLD classification and clinical phenotypes in the Russian Federation: the SUPPORT trial. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2017; (12): 3255–3262. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S142997.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurst J., Vestbo J., Anzueto A. et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363 (12): 1128–1138. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0909883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurst J., Vestbo J., Anzueto A. et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363 (12): 1128–1138. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0909883.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wedzicha J.A., Seemungal T.A. COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention. Lancet. 2007; 370 (9589): 786–796. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61382-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wedzicha J.A., Seemungal T.A. COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention. Lancet. 2007; 370 (9589): 786–796. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61382-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Celli B.R., Barnes P.J. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 29 (6): 1224–1238. DOI: 0.1183/09031936.00109906.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Celli B.R., Barnes P.J. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 29 (6): 1224–1238. DOI: 0.1183/09031936.00109906.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seemungal T., Harper-Owen R., Bhowmik A. et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164 (9): 1618–1623. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2105011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seemungal T., Harper-Owen R., Bhowmik A. et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001; 164 (9): 1618–1623. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2105011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vedel-Krogh S., Nielsen S.F., Lange P. et al. Blood eosinophils and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Copenhagen General Population Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 193 (9): 965–974. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201509-1869OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vedel-Krogh S., Nielsen S.F., Lange P. et al. Blood eosinophils and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Copenhagen General Population Study. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2016; 193 (9): 965–974. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201509-1869OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Couillard S., Larivee P., Courteau J., Vanasse A. Eosinophils in COPD exacerbations are associated with increased readmissions. Chest. 2017; 151 (2): 366–373. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.10.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Couillard S., Larivee P., Courteau J., Vanasse A. Eosinophils in COPD exacerbations are associated with increased readmissions. Chest. 2017; 151 (2): 366–373. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.10.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miravitlles M., D’Urzo A., Singh D., Koblizek V. Pharmacological strategies to reduce exacerbation risk in COPD: a narrative review. Respir. Res. 2016; 17 (1): 112. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0425-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miravitlles M., D’Urzo A., Singh D., Koblizek V. Pharmacological strategies to reduce exacerbation risk in COPD: a narrative review. Respir. Res. 2016; 17 (1): 112. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0425-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miravitlles M., Calle M., Soler-Cataluña J.J. Clinical phenotypes of COPD: identification, definition and implications for guidelines. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2012; 48 (3): 86–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2011.10.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miravitlles M., Calle M., Soler-Cataluña J.J. Clinical phenotypes of COPD: identification, definition and implications for guidelines. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2012; 48 (3): 86–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2011.10.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calverley P., Pauwels R., Löfdahl C.G. et al. Relationship between respiratory symptoms and medical treatment in exacerbations of COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 26 (3): 406–413. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00143404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calverley P., Pauwels R., Löfdahl C.G. et al. Relationship between respiratory symptoms and medical treatment in exacerbations of COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2005; 26 (3): 406–413. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.05.00143404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cazzola M., MacNee W., Martinez F.J. et al. Outcomes for COPD pharmacological trials: from lung function to biomarkers. Eur. Respir. J. 2008; 31 (2): 416–469. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00099306.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cazzola M., MacNee W., Martinez F.J. et al. Outcomes for COPD pharmacological trials: from lung function to biomarkers. Eur. Respir. J. 2008; 31 (2): 416–469. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00099306.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rennard S., Leidy N.K. Definition and severity of COPD exacerbations. In: Wedzicha W., Martinez F., eds. Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). New York: Informa Healthcare; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rennard S., Leidy N.K. Definition and severity of COPD exacerbations. In: Wedzicha W., Martinez F., eds. Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). New York: Informa Healthcare; 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurst J.R., Vestbo J., Anzueto A. et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363 (12): 1128–1138. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0909883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurst J.R., Vestbo J., Anzueto A. et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010; 363 (12): 1128–1138. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0909883.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suissa S. Run-in bias in randomised trials: the case of COPD medications. Eur. Respir. J. 2017; 22; 49 (6): pii: 1700361. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00361-2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suissa S. Run-in bias in randomised trials: the case of COPD medications. Eur. Respir. J. 2017; 22; 49 (6): pii: 1700361. DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00361-2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halpin D.M., Kerkhof M., Soriano J.B. et al. Eligibility of real-life patients with COPD for inclusion in trials of inhaled long-acting bronchodilator therapy. Respir. Res. 2016; 17 (1): 120. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0433-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halpin D.M., Kerkhof M., Soriano J.B. et al. Eligibility of real-life patients with COPD for inclusion in trials of inhaled long-acting bronchodilator therapy. Respir. Res. 2016; 17 (1): 120. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0433-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wedzicha J.A., Banerji D., Chapman K.R. Indacaterol-Glycopyrronium versus Salmeterol-Fluticasone for COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2016; 374 (23): 2222–2234. DOI: 0.1056/NEJMoa1516385.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wedzicha J.A., Banerji D., Chapman K.R. Indacaterol-Glycopyrronium versus Salmeterol-Fluticasone for COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2016; 374 (23): 2222–2234. DOI: 0.1056/NEJMoa1516385.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taskin D.P., Celli B., Senn S. et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Eng. J. Med. 2008; 359 (15): 1543–1554. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805800.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taskin D.P., Celli B., Senn S. et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Eng. J. Med. 2008; 359 (15): 1543–1554. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0805800.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bateman E.D., Tashkin D., Siafatas N. et al. A one-year trial of tiotropium Respimat plus usual therapy in COPD patients. Respir. Med. 2010; 104 (10): 1460–1472. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.06.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bateman E.D., Tashkin D., Siafatas N. et al. A one-year trial of tiotropium Respimat plus usual therapy in COPD patients. Respir. Med. 2010; 104 (10): 1460–1472. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.06.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogelmeier C., Hederer B., Glaab T. et al. Tiotropium versus Salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364 (12): 1093–1103. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1008378.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogelmeier C., Hederer B., Glaab T. et al. Tiotropium versus Salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364 (12): 1093–1103. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1008378.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Decramer L., Chapman J.R., Dahl R. et al. Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir. Med. 2013; 1 (7): 524–533. DOI: 0.1016/S2213-2600(13)70158-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decramer L., Chapman J.R., Dahl R. et al. Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir. Med. 2013; 1 (7): 524–533. DOI: 0.1016/S2213-2600(13)70158-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chong J., Karner C., Poole P. Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; (9): CD009157. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chong J., Karner C., Poole P. Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; (9): CD009157. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wedzicha J.A., Calverley P.M., Seemungal T.A. et al. The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 177 (1): 19–26. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200707-973OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wedzicha J.A., Calverley P.M., Seemungal T.A. et al. The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 177 (1): 19–26. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200707-973OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Powrie D.J., Wilkinson T.M.A., Donaldson G.C. et al. Effect of tiotropium on sputum and serum inflammatory markers and exacerbations in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 30 (3): 472–478. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00023907.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Powrie D.J., Wilkinson T.M.A., Donaldson G.C. et al. Effect of tiotropium on sputum and serum inflammatory markers and exacerbations in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2007; 30 (3): 472–478. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00023907.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horita N., Goto A., Shibata Y. et al. Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017; (2): CD012066. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012066.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horita N., Goto A., Shibata Y. et al. Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) plus long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) versus LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017; (2): CD012066. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012066.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodrigo G., Price D., Anzueto A. et al. LABA/LAMA combinations versus LAMA monotherapy or LABA/ICS in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2017; (12): 907–922. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S130482.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodrigo G., Price D., Anzueto A. et al. LABA/LAMA combinations versus LAMA monotherapy or LABA/ICS in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2017; (12): 907–922. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S130482.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhong N., Wang C., Zhou X., et al. LANTERN: a randomized study of QVA149 versus salmeterol/fluticasone combination in patients with COPD. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2015; (10): 1015–1026. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S84436.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhong N., Wang C., Zhou X., et al. LANTERN: a randomized study of QVA149 versus salmeterol/fluticasone combination in patients with COPD. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2015; (10): 1015–1026. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S84436.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wedzicha J.A., Decramer M., L. Ticker J.H. et al. Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir. Med., 2013; 1 (3): 199–209. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70052-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wedzicha J.A., Decramer M., L. Ticker J.H. et al. Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir. Med., 2013; 1 (3): 199–209. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70052-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buhl R., Maltais F., Abrahams R. et al. Tiotropium and olodaterol fixed-dose combination versus mono-components in COPD (GOLD 2–4). Eur. Respir. J. 2015; 45 (4): 969–979. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00136014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buhl R., Maltais F., Abrahams R. et al. Tiotropium and olodaterol fixed-dose combination versus mono-components in COPD (GOLD 2–4). Eur. Respir. J. 2015; 45 (4): 969–979. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00136014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bateman E.D., Ferguson G.T., Barnes N. et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur. Respir. J. 2013; 42 (6): 1484–1494. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00200212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bateman E.D., Ferguson G.T., Barnes N. et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur. Respir. J. 2013; 42 (6): 1484–1494. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00200212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Decramer M., Anzueto A., Kerwin E. et al. Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium plus vilanterol versus tiotropium, vilanterol, or umeclidinium monotherapies over 24 weeks in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from two multicentre, blinded, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir. Med. 2014; 2 (6): 472–486. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70065-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decramer M., Anzueto A., Kerwin E. et al. Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium plus vilanterol versus tiotropium, vilanterol, or umeclidinium monotherapies over 24 weeks in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from two multicentre, blinded, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir. Med. 2014; 2 (6): 472–486. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70065-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez F.J., Rabe K.F., Ferguson G.T. et al. Efficacy and safety of glycopyrrolate/formoterol metered dose inhaler formulated using co-suspension delivery technology in patients with COPD. Chest. 2017; 151 (2): 340–357. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez F.J., Rabe K.F., Ferguson G.T. et al. Efficacy and safety of glycopyrrolate/formoterol metered dose inhaler formulated using co-suspension delivery technology in patients with COPD. Chest. 2017; 151 (2): 340–357. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh D., Ferguson G.T., Bolitschek J. et al. Tiotropium + olodaterol shows clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life. Respir. Med. 2015; 109 (10): 1312–1319. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.08.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh D., Ferguson G.T., Bolitschek J. et al. Tiotropium + olodaterol shows clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life. Respir. Med. 2015; 109 (10): 1312–1319. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.08.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahler D.A., Decramer M., D'Urzo A. et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 reduces patient-reported dyspnoea in COPD: the BLAZE study. Eur. Respir. J. 2014; 43 (6): 1599–609. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00124013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahler D.A., Decramer M., D'Urzo A. et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 reduces patient-reported dyspnoea in COPD: the BLAZE study. Eur. Respir. J. 2014; 43 (6): 1599–609. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00124013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bateman E.D., Ferguson G.T., Barnes N. et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur. Respir. J. 2013; 42 (6): 1484–1494. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00200212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bateman E.D., Ferguson G.T., Barnes N. et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur. Respir. J. 2013; 42 (6): 1484–1494. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00200212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beeh K.M., Westerman J., Kirsten A.M. et al. The 24-h lung-function profile of once-daily tiotropium and olodaterol fixed-dose combination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm. Pharm. Ther. 2015; 32: 53–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.04.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beeh K.M., Westerman J., Kirsten A.M. et al. The 24-h lung-function profile of once-daily tiotropium and olodaterol fixed-dose combination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm. Pharm. Ther. 2015; 32: 53–59. DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.04.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beeh K.M., Korn S., Beier J. et al. Effect of QVA149 on lung volumes and exercise tolerance in COPD patients: The BRIGHT study. Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (4): 584–592. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.01.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beeh K.M., Korn S., Beier J. et al. Effect of QVA149 on lung volumes and exercise tolerance in COPD patients: The BRIGHT study. Respir. Med. 2014; 108 (4): 584–592. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.01.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calverley P.M.A., Anzueto A.R., Carter K. et al. Tiotropium and olodaterol in the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (DYNAGITO): a double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, active-controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2018; 6 (5): 337–344. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30102-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calverley P.M.A., Anzueto A.R., Carter K. et al. Tiotropium and olodaterol in the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (DYNAGITO): a double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, active-controlled trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2018; 6 (5): 337–344. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30102-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айсанов З.Р., Авдеев С.Н., Архипов В.В. и др. Национальные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению хронической обструктивной болезни легких: алгоритм принятия клинических решений. Пульмонология. 2017; 27 (1): 13–20. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2017-27-1-13-20. / Aisanov Z.R., Avdeev S.N., Arkhipov V.V. et al. National clinical guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical decision-making algorithm. Russian Pulmonology. 2017; 27 (1): 13–20. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2017-27-1-13-20 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Айсанов З.Р., Авдеев С.Н., Архипов В.В. и др. Национальные клинические рекомендации по диагностике и лечению хронической обструктивной болезни легких: алгоритм принятия клинических решений. Пульмонология. 2017; 27 (1): 13–20. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2017-27-1-13-20. / Aisanov Z.R., Avdeev S.N., Arkhipov V.V. et al. National clinical guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical decision-making algorithm. Russian Pulmonology. 2017; 27 (1): 13–20. DOI: 10.18093/0869-0189-2017-27-1-13-20 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aisanov Z., Avdeev S., Arkhipov V. Russian guidelines for the management of COPD: algorithm of pharmacologic treatment. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2018; 13: 183–187. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S153770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aisanov Z., Avdeev S., Arkhipov V. Russian guidelines for the management of COPD: algorithm of pharmacologic treatment. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2018; 13: 183–187. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S153770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Washko G.R., Fan V.S., Ramsey S.D. et al. The effect of lung volume reduction surgery on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 177 (2): 164–169. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200708-1194OC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Washko G.R., Fan V.S., Ramsey S.D. et al. The effect of lung volume reduction surgery on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008; 177 (2): 164–169. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200708-1194OC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beeh K.M., Burgel P.R., Franssen F.M.E. et al. How do dual long-acting bronchodilators prevent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2017; 196 (2): 139–149. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201609-1794CI.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beeh K.M., Burgel P.R., Franssen F.M.E. et al. How do dual long-acting bronchodilators prevent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2017; 196 (2): 139–149. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201609-1794CI.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Price D., Yawn B., Brusselle G., Rossi A. Risk-to-benefit ratio of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2013; 22 (1): 92–100. DOI: 10.4104/pcrj.2012.00092.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Price D., Yawn B., Brusselle G., Rossi A. Risk-to-benefit ratio of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD. Prim. Care Respir. J. 2013; 22 (1): 92–100. DOI: 10.4104/pcrj.2012.00092.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ernst P., Saad N., Suissa S. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: the clinical evidence. Eur. Respir. J. 2015; 45 (2): 525–537. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00128914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ernst P., Saad N., Suissa S. Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: the clinical evidence. Eur. Respir. J. 2015; 45 (2): 525–537. DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00128914.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan A.G. Applying the wisdom of stepping down inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD: a proposed algorithm for clinical practice. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2015; 10 (1): 2535–2548. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S93321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan A.G. Applying the wisdom of stepping down inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD: a proposed algorithm for clinical practice. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2015; 10 (1): 2535–2548. DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S93321.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watz H., Tetzlaff K., Wouters E.F. et al. Blood eosinophil count and exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids: a post-hoc analysis of the WISDOM trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2016; 4 (5): 390–398. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00100-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watz H., Tetzlaff K., Wouters E.F. et al. Blood eosinophil count and exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids: a post-hoc analysis of the WISDOM trial. Lancet Respir. Med. 2016; 4 (5): 390–398. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00100-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magnussen H., Disse B., Rodriguez-Roisin R. et al. Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 371 (14): 1285–1294. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1407154.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magnussen H., Disse B., Rodriguez-Roisin R. et al. Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 371 (14): 1285–1294. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1407154.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
